Claims: in perception

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30 Oct 2025
The brain constructs a hierarchical model of faces, where high-level concepts override lower-level details unless the image is inverted.

So this is called the Thatcher effect. So when you're looking at this image of Margaret Thatcher or anyone, your brain is constructing a model of this person, a model of their face. And as I said, it's constructed over a hierarchy. So you have the overall idea, the overall concept of Margaret Thatcher, right? The whole face, the whole thing. And then you have at a lower level, you have the eyes and the mouth and the nose, and they're kind of separate. And then going further still, within the eyes, you've got circles and patches of color and all this stuff. And right at the bottom, you have this really messy system of lines and things that don't make any sense.