Equally troubling, their research revealed that students with protected disability statuses were similarly more likely to be recipients of corporal punishment in schools. All of their data was examined for possible explanations that didn't involve bias and punishment, but they were all excluded by further examination of the data. Pure and simple, black students, male students, and students with disabilities were consistently the target of disproportionate punishment in terms of corporal punishment. Their summary is crystal clear. The data make clear that where school corporal punishment continues to be used, it is typically used disproportionately with some subgroups of children more likely to be corporally punished than others.