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Europe looking at the various unconventional tools and techniques used by Russia. | |
| From the Institute of World Politics, watch live at 5 p.m. Eastern on C-SPAN 2, C-SPAN Now, our free mobile app, or online at c-SPAN.org.org. | ||
| Videos of key hearings, debates, and other events feature markers that guide you to interesting and newsworthy highlights. | ||
| These points of interest markers appear on the right-hand side of your screen when you hit play on select videos. | ||
| This timeline tool makes it easy to quickly get an idea of what was debated and decided in Washington. | ||
| Scroll through and spend a few minutes on C-SPAN's points of interest. | ||
| Nearly 3,500 students across 42 states and D.C. participated in this year's C-SPAN Student Camp Documentary Competition. | ||
| This year we asked students to create short videos with messages to the president exploring issues important to them or their communities. | ||
| All this month we're featuring our top 21 winning entries. | ||
| One of this year's second-place middle school winners are two eighth graders from Eastern Middle School in Silver Spring, Maryland, where C-SPAN is available through Comcast. | ||
| Their winning documentary is titled Redlining, Broken Lines, Broken Lives. | ||
| 1933. | ||
| America is clawing its way out of the Great Depression thanks to the New Deal and other efforts made by U.S. leaders such as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. | ||
| The Great Migration, which is bringing millions of African Americans into the North from the southern United States, is still in full swing. | ||
| One program formed as a result of the New Deal and the Great Migration, the Homeowners Loan Corporation, or the HOLC, is founded to help residents escape foreclosure or debt by loaning money to them. | ||
| Three years later, in 1936, federal officials divvied up cities and assigned a color to each neighborhood. | ||
| They looked at all these houses and all these various locations and then they divided things up by blocks. | ||
| And so they have block-level information. | ||
| And one of the key things they included in the block was the percent non-white. | ||
| In descriptions accompanying these maps, surveyors describe them as an infiltration, an encroachment, a concentration, declining, and slums, among other racist tropes. | ||
| Residents of CN degrade neighborhoods, who were usually low-income to begin with, were not given loans, forcing them into the only homes they could afford with others of their immigration status, race, or socioeconomic rank, causing government-driven segregation that has lasted for nearly a century. | ||
| Redlined communities are more susceptible to economic inequality and climate change today. | ||
| That's one of the things that's really disturbing to me about it is that even though that happened almost 100 years ago now, those patterns that were created have withstood the test of time. | ||
| The remnants of redlining reveal the economic divide between minority and white neighborhoods because of the disproportionate generational wealth accumulation that the unbalanced loads caused. | ||
| According to a study done by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition, comparing digitized images of the HOLC maps for 115 cities to census tracts, over 91% of A-graded neighborhoods are moderate to above income today. | ||
| Similarly, 85% of A and 71% of B are white areas, whereas 63% of D areas are minority majority. | ||
| In Baltimore, white borrowers also receive 210% of the lending that their population size suggests they would, whereas black borrowers receive 37% given their population. | ||
| Black Americans did not have the opportunity to build wealth in home ownership, and so a huge part of the gap between black Americans and white Americans in the amount of wealth they have and can pass on to their kids and have security to take risks to be entrepreneurs and things like that. | ||
| Furthermore, redlining places minorities, especially black communities, in areas more susceptible to climate change, as the neighborhoods they lived in were seen as cheap areas for industrialization. | ||
| 20th century freeway projects disproportionately cut through redlined neighborhoods, bringing heavy industry pollution. | ||
| Communities experienced high levels of drinking water contamination and asthma as a result. | ||
| According to studies conducted by Portland State University, the Science Museum of Virginia, and Virginia Commonwealth University, formerly rated C and D neighborhoods are more affected by climate change than the A and B rated neighborhoods in the same city. | ||
| Insomuch as redlining has led to disinvestment. | ||
| If you have disinvestment, then you're going to have a situation where very often we see that those are the same areas that lack green spaces, that lacks environmental amenities. | ||
| This disinvestment led to more pavement and concrete, which absorb heat and release it slowly, and fewer trees, which cool the air and provide shade, creating what is known as a heat island. | ||
| Environmental justice and the wealth issues can have negative impacts not only on physical health from things like pollution in the air and the water and the soil, but also on their mental health in terms of stress related to their health or to their lack of wealth, which leads to a lack of opportunity to do things like go to college. | ||
| In an analysis of heat and income in 97 of the most populous U.S. cities, NPR and the Howard Center at the University of Maryland, quote, found low-income areas in the vast majority of these cities were more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts. | ||
| These poorer areas were also disproportionately communities of color, end quote. | ||
| Climate change is deadly, both physically and psychologically, and redlining is putting people of color and low-income people in its direct line of fire. | ||
| Redlining's legacy continues to haunt communities across the nation. | ||
| These neighborhoods, once denied resources and opportunities, now bear the brunt of climate change, facing greater risks from extreme weather, rising temperatures, and forest structure. | ||
| I think that the policies that try to increase the supply of housing are going to be really important. | ||
| And as we do that, we have an opportunity to overcome some of the legacy of racial segregation by being thoughtful about when and where we put more housing and how we construct it. |