Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist and string theory pioneer, explores a "theory of everything" in 10+ dimensions, comparing past breakthroughs to humanity’s potential mastery of the universe. He clarifies slowed light experiments (30-second duration in Bose-condensed molecules) and quantum foam’s multiverse implications, citing Hawking’s Baby Universes and wormhole paradoxes. Kaku warns of NASA’s Cassini mission’s plutonium risks—classified memos estimate 72 lbs of debris could cause up to a million deaths—while debunking neutron bomb myths and dismissing chaos theory as impractical. Dark matter, verified by Hubble but untapped, may fuel future tech like ramjet drives, yet genetic manipulation by 2020 risks unchecked power. Ultimately, exponential growth demands unified physics and governance, but humanity’s survival hinges on balancing ambition with caution. [Automatically generated summary]
Well, in our lifetime, it will probably give us nothing because we're talking about fantastic energies at which the unified field theory reigns supreme.
We are talking about at some point in the future, once we begin to master energies beyond what is available on the puny planet Earth, we may be able to answer questions such as, is time travel possible?
What happens if you journey through a black hole?
Is it possible to create a universe in a laboratory?
And these are the questions that are answerable once we have a theory of everything.
Now just remember that when Newton worked out the theory of gravity 300 years ago, that gave us mechanics, which gave us the steam engine, and with the steam engine it revolutionized the world and toppled the feudal kings and queens of Europe.
When Faraday, 150 years ago, worked out the mechanics of light and electricity and magnetism, that electrified the world.
That's why we have lasers and television sets and the internet and computers.
So now, and then Einstein, in the last 50 years, gave us E equals MT squared, which unlocked the nuclear force.
And now we're going to see that each time a force has been understood by scientists, it changed civilization, turned civilization upside down.
So Newton eventually worked out the dynamics of things like steam engines, and Michael Faraday worked out the dynamics of electricity and magnetism.
Einstein gave us the nuclear force.
And now we're unifying all fundamental forces now into an equation perhaps one inch long that will eventually allow us to become masters of the universe.
We're going to summarize all these equations into an equation one inch long, which will allow us to, quote, read the mind of God.
These are Stephen Hawking's terms.
So Stephen Hawking, in his book, Brief History of Time, says that this is the greatest, the greatest scientific chase, the greatest scientific endeavor of the past 2,000 years, the reaching for an equation one inch long, which is defined in hyperspace in order to summarize all physical knowledge.
That's why it is only an inch long, because it's defined in 10-dimensional hyperspace, and it's the fact that we are in hyperspace that does all the work.
Unlike chemistry or biology, the deeper you go into physics, the simpler it gets.
Okay?
For example, the mechanics of light.
We think that light is so complicated.
However, it's given to us by Maxwell's equation, which is an equation just half an inch long, which states that the four-dimensional divergence of an anti-symmetric second-rank tensor equals zero, and that's what light is all about.
And in Berkeley, you can buy a t-shirt before I got my PhD.
You can buy a T-shirt that says, in the beginning, God said the four-dimensional divergence of an anti-symmetric second-rank tensor equals zero, and there was light.
I've had about a million of them sent to me saying that scientists have managed to Slow the speed of light to about the speed of somebody riding a bicycle or slower.
And we'll be a collection of black holes and neutron stars.
And it's going to be very awful in the future.
We'll be huddled next to the dying embers of black holes trillions of years from now.
But my attitude, by the way, and this is where the theory of everything comes in, my attitude is that when the universe dies, we will leave the universe.
Well, these bubbles expand, and our bubble has been expanding for 15 or so billion years.
These other bubbles bang and collapse, which means that big bangs are probably happening all the time.
That means that there is something called a multiverse, that we exist in a multiverse of beer foam, and that our universe is perhaps just one bubble among an infinite foam of beer suds.
He's going to come on the radio and do an interview for the first time ever, I believe, on radio, on the 27th of this month with a big, big announcement.
But he's got A ranch in an unnamed location where they've been doing research for a long time now, and it's very high-tech.
They have cameras and video recorders and giant poles mounted, and there have been unusual things that have been going on.
That's why they acquired this ranch, and so they've been doing real scientific testing.
And one of the cameras, according to Dr. Colin Kelleher, who I had on, caught what appeared to be an image of a kind of a swirling hole that manifested itself, and they could actually see what appeared to be something, a creature, a being, something, pop through this, and then the hole closed, sort of faded to black.
And they actually caught this on videotape.
Now, it suggests certainly the possibility that, well, something like you're always talking about was manifested now.
If this is eventually to be, Doctor, if eventually we will master these kinds of technologies, is it not possible that we could be visited by somebody from the distant future for whatever reason, and that something like that really could have happened?
The energy necessary to leave this bubble of ours would be tremendous.
It's 10 to the 19 billion electron volts.
It is called the Planck energy.
It's the most fantastic energy that we physicists have ever studied.
And space is not stable at 10 to the 19 billion electron volts.
This is where these bubbles begin to form.
And so if I had a machine, for example, that could create 10 to the 19 billion electron volts, bubbles would begin to form, and holes could conceivably begin to open up.
In fact, Stephen Hawking, a colleague of mine, wrote a book, his latest book is called Baby Universes and Black Holes, where he talks about these baby universes, that is, these little holes that open up, that would be like, that would have tubes, tubes connecting these holes.
And these tubes would be called wormholes.
They're very small, of course, too small for us to go through.
But you can calculate the energy necessary to open up a big one.
And unfortunately, the energy is far beyond anything that we can harness on the planet Earth.
But still, if it is to be possible one day in our distant future, if we make it to type 1 or type 2, whatever, then it's plausible to project the possibility that somebody has come back or something has come back to visit us in that manner.
You know, when I was in London last, two years ago, giving a talk there, and at the London Museum, they have a wax figure of Stephen Hawking who says that time travel is not possible because where are the tourists from the future?
I don't see them.
We should be crawling with tourists from the future, he says.
Well, two years ago, he changed his mind.
He made the front page of the Sunday London Times.
This is Coast to Coast A.M. We are pushing the boundaries of Einstein's general relativity theory, which breaks down.
The theory is actually useless at the instant of the Big Bang and the center of a black hole.
And that's precisely where the most interesting things take place.
And you have to use another theory called a quantum theory that replaces Einstein's theory at that brief instant where the universe was created or the center of a black hole.
And at the present time, the only way to understand this phenomenon is to use hyperspace, that is, use a 10-dimensional string theory.
It is the only theory so far discovered which allows you to go before the Big Bang and allows you to go through the wormhole, that is, through the center of a black hole.
Then let us assume that it eventually becomes possible, but very rare, either because it is very expensive, very consumptive of power, or wasteful of power, or could there be problems with time travel?
I mean, serious problems.
In other words, even if it becomes possible, the old kill your father thing and the changing of history and the changing of timelines and the possibility of erasure of what we presently have or what the future is or, you know, all of those things, could there be associated problems that prevent this plethora of time travel visitors that we should be expecting or having?
Well, there have been a number of proposals written up in Physical Review Magazine, which is a magazine that we physicists publish in.
In fact, you can go to any modern library and take out Physical Review D, and you can see designs and speculations about these problems, the problem of killing your parents before you're born.
Now, you see, Newton gave us the idea that time was like an arrow.
You fire the arrow, and it never deviated.
So one second on the Earth is one second on Mars is one second on Jupiter.
Here comes Einstein, who says, not so fast.
Time is not like an arrow.
Time is like a river, which meanders and speeds up and slows down, so that one second on The Earth is not one second on the Moon, is not one second on Jupiter.
And we measured this.
We know that time beats at different rates throughout the universe.
You do this by satellites and by rockets.
Now, if Einstein thought that time was like a river, he did not realize that you could have whirlpools, whirlpools, in the river of time, and perhaps the river of time can fork, fork into two rivers.
Now, the river of time cannot be damned.
It doesn't simply stop.
Your timeline doesn't end.
If you saw the movie Back to the Future, it talked about Michael J. Fox's timeline ending because he just met his mother before he's born and his mother falls in love with him.
If you could heat an oven to about 100 trillion trillion degrees, which is, of course, near the temperature of the Big Bang, then inside your oven, bubbles would form, holes in space would begin to form, and out would come out an umbilical cord with a baby universe.
So, of course, Professor Guth says that this is not practical.
In fact, I once asked him what would happen if he did that.
And he said the energy release would probably be that of a hydrogen bomb.
You'd probably blow yourself up in the process.
But out of the chaos of this hydrogen bomb would come a baby universe, another baby bubble.
Now, he did this exercise to show that universes can be created all the time.
It doesn't take that much energy to create a universe.
You have to, of course, kick it, which of course requires 100 trillion trillion degrees temperature, which is comparable to the temperature of the Big Bang itself.
Now, we don't think that anyone's going to be able to do this anytime soon.
You'd have to be at least type 3, a galactic civilization like what you see in Star Wars, in the movie Star Wars.
That's type 3.
They would have the ability to create these so-called baby universes and to create a lifeline, basically, an umbilical cord.
These bubbles cannot burst because just like timelines cannot be damned, these bubbles cannot burst because the skin of the bubble is what is called an instantly differentiable Riemann manifold.
All right, again, with the beer analogy, the head of the beer, even bubbles that are in the center of the head of the beer sometimes are disappearing while others take their place, yes?
That was the subject of Stephen Hawking's last book, universes and black holes.
Really?
This is a multiverse theory.
And in fact, in my book, Hyperspace, I have a whole chapter on the multiverse theory, which is the dominant theory in cosmology now.
The last four major books in cosmology say that this is probably it.
This is the leading theory as to what happened before the Big Bang, which is very embarrassing whenever you ask a scientist what happened before the Big Bang.
That's bad, because it means that it's going to be very cold in the future.
But like I say, if there are these threads, wormholes, tubes, like a subway system, that allows you to connect between these different holes, then ultimately the unified field theory will be our lifeboat.
It'll be our lifeboat by which we will simply leave our physical universe to another one, which is warmer.
Now, of course, this is all in theory, but the theory does allow for the possibility that intelligent life does not have to die when the universe dies.
In other words, we could be having this very same conversation in a bubble universe very, very far away, except there's one quantum difference that separates our two universes.
Or it might mean, for example, that instead of dropping the bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and then not using them again, at least to date, although that's a little wobbly right now, we might have stumbled into nuclear technology, developed it to a serious degree on both sides, and then used it and blown ourselves to smithereens.
It's conceivable that there could be another bubble out there which is very close to ours, in which a few quantum events separate us, in which case, perhaps there was a nuclear war in that bubble, and perhaps there's no human life left there anymore.
Europa, for example, which is a moon of Jupiter, we now believe has an ocean.
And at Jupiter's distance, these moons should be frozen solid.
But we see icebergs floating, icebergs floating on the surface of Europa, meaning that there's probably an ocean underneath the ice cover, which means that volcanic activity and tidal forces from Jupiter created enough heat at the center of the moon to liquefy the ice and to create liquid water.
And liquid water, in turn, is the universal solvent.
It dissolves most chemicals, except, of course, oils.
But because it dissolves most materials, you can get chemical reactions that would form things like DNA.
So that's why you have to have liquid water, the most precious substance in the universe.
And these one away planets were probably runaway because Jupiter Has a huge gravity that flung them into outer space.
Anything that gets too close to Jupiter is going to be flung into outer space.
And we think that Jupiter may have flung several Earth-sized planets into space, which are drifting now with volcanic activity perhaps at the center, which allows for liquid water and oceans.
However, these beings, perhaps, on these runaway planets are not going to have eyes.
They'll have no use for eyes because they'll be in deep space and they're not going to basically, it's going to be too dark to have any eyes of any use on these planets.
They're calling it, they're swearing on a Bible, or no, probably not a Bible.
They're swearing on some whatever field manual they hold sacred that they did not cook up the name Deep Impact, which is the project name from the movie.
a 500 kilogram copper impactor onto this comet which was not scheduled to impact with earth but i mean once we blow it into But what if the thing breaks apart?
You can almost do the visual in a movie on that.
Doctor, hold on.
We'll pick up on that when we get back.
We are going to do that.
They are calling it deep impact.
And I'm telling you, this is the stuff of which movies are made.
It'll cost millions of taxpayer dollars.
And you can see this face going white, this scientific face going white as he calculates the new chunk orbit.
But Doctor, here's something that I'm not quite clear on.
If we're not absolutely certain of the makeup of comets, and we must not be, because we're sending up spacecraft to try and capture debris To discern what the makeup of these comets is, if we're not really certain what the makeup is, and we pile drive this thing on July 4th,
2004, into a comet, isn't it possible that if we miscalculate its composition, then we have miscalculated the size of the dent or the effect of the impact?
Somehow I envision, as in the movies, you know, all the clapping going on at the consoles and then somebody looking up at a board and noticing one of the big chunks is now on a trajectory, you know, for Manhattan or something.
Yeah, well, that would be bad if it actually knocked out a chunk of the comet, instead of just landing on it like a thud, it actually broke a piece of it off.
It's going to whip around the planet Earth at around 700 miles distant from the Earth.
And everyone's going to be holding their fingers crossed because even though we expect it to be flawless, if it does hit a piece of space debris, if it hits a micrometeorite, if it hits a solar flare, and next year, of course, the solar cycle space starts off.
Then we're in deep voodoo because if, in the small chance that it does, in fact, hit the Earth, we have a classified memo now from the government which says that tens of thousands could eventually die if that thing hits the earth.
And these are government figures now estimating that tens of thousands could die if the Cassini mission were in fact to hit the Earth.
Well, there are, diving back to Nostradamus for a moment, a lot of people who feel that when this eclipse of the sun occurs, we will see something coming toward us or an object that should not be there and would not normally be seen except for the fact that the sun is blocked.
And just six days later, Cassini is going to come, and then sometime during that month, they're going to abandon the Mir space station.
So there's going to be a lot of activity in out of space.
And that's why some people are emailing President Clinton, asking Clinton to change the orbit, the trajectory of Cassini, and send it into the sun rather than having it whip around the Earth like that.
Well, it's going to come in at 42,000 miles per hour, which is much, many times faster than a speeding bullet.
It has no heat shield.
It'll hit the Earth's atmosphere and tumble, and it will disintegrate and break up.
And NASA's own study shows that 30% of it will disintegrate as it impacts on the atmosphere, releasing plutonium.
70% will land on the Earth.
That 70% of 72 pounds will come plunging like a flaming meteor from outer space.
And if it lands on dirt, it will then pulverize.
And 60% of it will then become aerosol-sized particles, about five microns across, which are inhalable.
And in the best case scenario, there's no wind, so that the plutonium will stay within a mile of impact site.
But usually the winds blow.
When the winds blow, you're talking about sending plutonium perhaps 100 miles, 200 miles downwind.
And this has actually happened before.
The Cosmos 954 satellite of 1978 actually did plunge into the Earth with 100 pounds of enriched uranium, and it hit the Northwest Territories of Canada.
Yeah, the CIA sent a whole dog team there to reclaim a Soviet reactor that fell from out of space.
It contaminated 300 miles of Canadian territory, Canadian soil, in the Northwest territories.
Fortunately, that's all tundra.
But we're going to have to keep our fingers crossed if Cassini hits a piece of space debris or we lose radio contact with it or the rockets don't fire on time.
And if it hits the Earth and the winds blow, we're talking about releasing radioactive materials hundreds of miles downwind.
In which case, the government itself admits that tens of thousands could die.
And Professor John Goffman, who helped to isolate plutonium many years ago, he estimated that up to a million in a worst-case scenario with lots of wind blowing and lots of plutonium getting into people's backyards, a million people could be killed in case of an accident.
Well, you know, Clinton actually thought twice about it, you know.
He actually asked his science advisor, what is this ruckus all about?
And that's when his science advisor gave him this secret memo, which we now have a copy of, which says, Mr. President, you know, tens of Thousands could be killed, but we don't expect it to happen, so we recommend that you launch the mission.
In fact, you can even dial Cassini in yahoo.com and get their webpage.
And they have the memo reprinted showing that even as NASA denies that anyone would be killed by this mission, they were telling the President of the United States that they admit that tens of thousands could, in fact, be killed by cancer.
You know, it takes tens of, you know, 20, 30, 40 years to get cancer from this mission.
But if it were to re-enter, the postponing would be sufficient to cause considerable damage to the Earth.
I think so, because even though we're very close now to the flyby, we could still change the orbit by firing the retro rocket.
It doesn't come so close to the Earth.
It would just simply miss that Earth, but it would go around the Sun and eventually go into the Sun.
So, and the radioactive materials do not have a very long half-life.
In a few centuries, it would be not that harmful.
But at the present time, it's quite dangerous.
And that's why, even within NASA, there have been quite a few defections within NASA, NASA workers who say, you know, I disagree with my employer.
The guy who helped to arrange evacuation plans for Florida, I met with him once, and he told me that he had evacuation plans drawn up in case there was an explosion, and they, you know, would track the cloud of plutonium.
And in some scenarios, they had the plutonium going into Disney World.
Now, if you can imagine the chaos in the economy, it would be a national crisis if the mission blew up on the launch pad, the winds changed direction, and plutonium sailed in Disney World.
We're going to see if we can get a link to that memo.
I'm going to talk to Keith right now.
The secret NASA memo.
Would you like to read it?
We'll see what we can do.
Stay right there.
unidentified
You can dance.
Hello, this is Stephen Browning, professional bass angler.
Listen to me and all the other guys that fish the ASS and the FLW tournament right here on the Bass Anglers Network here on this station.
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This is KWHN, Oklahoma Weather.
This is your official KWHN forecast with Doppler Storm Center.
Tonight's going to be mostly clear, below in the lower 70s in a light east wind.
Tomorrow's going to be partly cloudy, the slight chance of showers and thunderstorms, a high in the lower 90s.
Tomorrow night's going to be mostly clear, below in your 70s.
Saturday's going to be partly cloudy with a slight chance of showers and thunderstorms in the afternoon with a high in the lower 90s.
It is 78 degrees with the one east wind on.
PWHN, 1320.
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Splints on her bag and delivers the mail.
Mr. Jones tears open his envelope, finds his federal government payment, and he's off.
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Learn more about direct deposit at any bank, savings and loan, or credit union.
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Today, three young children and their parents were saved when a Coast Guard rescue boat.
A load of cocaine headed for our shores and some say our schoolyards was confiscated when a Coast Guard crew boarded.
The oil spill, which threatened marine wildlife as well as the region's economy, was responding well to containment measures by the first to arrive on the scene, a United States Coast Guard vessel.
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The chance to feel good about yourself and what you do.
In the United States Coast Guard, it's our mission to protect Americans right here at home.
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The job you do gets respect, and you get respect.
Join the United States Coast Guard.
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Imagine yourself serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in one of 80 countries around the world.
I want an adventure.
I wanted to go out, learn about a new culture, learn a new language, and bring it back to the United States.
I joined the Peace Corps because I think Peace Corps as a development organization is one of the best in the world.
You're helping people, you're working in the community, and people will really appreciate you so much.
It's fun.
To make a difference in the Peace Corps, visit our website or call 800-424-8580.
And perhaps simply by exercising your brain, the neurons reconnect themselves so that they have the capability of manipulating equations just like you manipulate musical scores.
Well, perhaps Einstein had the luck of the draw and was endowed with a brain that had this capability that now shows up on the autopsy slices.
His brain has been sliced up.
And by Analyzing these slides, you can see that his brain was, in fact, different from our brain.
Okay?
But that doesn't mean that your listening audience should just give up hope and say that they'll never become smart like Einstein.
I personally think that if you have the right mentor, if you have the right education system, the right encouragement, then you too could master many of these equations.
You know, the greatest mathematical genius of this century was Ramanujan, who was an obscure Indian mathematician who stunned the world of European mathematics around 1910 or so when he came out with equations that were literally decades, centuries ahead of his time.
And many people have speculated that this supernova called Ramanujan, who died when he was about 30 years old, could have been a genetic hiccup.
And by the way, if you read his work, his work is defined in 24 dimensions, which relates to string theory, because we string theorists use the Hardy-Ramanajan function in eight dimensions to give us the 10-dimensional hyperspatial string theory.
So we actually use the work of Ramanujan done, you know, 70, 80 years ago, as the fundamental equations which fix the dimension of space-time to be 10.
And it is because of his work, people ask why 10, right?
It's because of his work on the elliptic modular function that fixes the dimension of space-time to be 10.
And I think that's where laws have to be passed, or else we'll all look like Marilyn Monroe.
And that's probably going to be the end of the human race.
So I think that we should pass laws on that.
However, as far as genius is concerned, it may take many decades before we can isolate genes for that.
By 2003, in fact, we already expect the Human Genome Project to list all the genes of a human being.
And by 2020, each of us may have a credit card with our genes on it.
Personal gene sequencing may be possible between 2020 and 2030 at the rate at which we are going, doubling the number of genes every two years that we can sequence.
At that doubling rate of two years, we should have personalized DNA sequencing on our credit cards after 2020.
And that's when we might be able to monkey with some of our genes.
And I would hope that when we have the power of a God, that we have the wisdom of Solomon to go with it.
And I think wisdom in this case is going to have to come from democratic discussion, vigorous democratic debate about how far we want to go in terms of redesigning ourselves.
Yeah, first of all, these elements usually last just for, you know, billionths of a second.
However, when I was at Berkeley getting my PhD there in the early 1970s, there was a theory kicking around, which has since blossomed into a much larger theory, that says that when you slam heavy ions together and you start to build elements that are huge,
way beyond uranium, then there could be what is called an island of stability, where there's a small pocket of elements with very large masses, which are in fact stable, or at least stable compared to these billionths of a second lifespan.
Yeah, I haven't kept up with that, so I'm not sure exactly what the numbers are, but it was announced a few months ago that we've created these super heavy elements that are way beyond nobelium.
And there's then the speculation that we could create these super elements that are what are called metastable.
They would be stable for long periods of time compared to ordinary elements, and they would represent a new state of matter.
In the long term, we are talking about new states of matter.
And previous states of matter that we've analyzed have opened up the industrial age, opened up the age of electricity, opened up the age of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy.
And we're talking about new forms of matter that may have bizarre chemical properties.
And we are now at the level where we can manipulate individual atoms with what is called nanotechnology.
And we're even discovering that simple elements like carbon can create carbon nanotubes, carbon webs, carbon buckyballs, which conduct electricity and are tougher than steel.
So in the future, we may use these elements to create what is called a hyper-car, a car made out of carbon that is tougher than steel, but is made out of carbon resin and these carbon nanotubes.
So every time we discover a new element, we look at its chemical properties, and we're dazzled by the chemical properties of even simple things like carbon.
Does M theory, actually two questions related, does M theory shed any light on the so-called boundary problem of the standard model where some of the large things found like the great attractor actually cannot have been created within the time usually given for the life of the universe?
And is that something that M-theory sheds any light on?
We now believe that there could be an 11th dimension.
Okay, this comes out of Princeton.
And there's a guy named Ed Witten, who Scientific American once called the smartest man on earth.
And I tend to agree with that assessment.
He's the leader of the pack.
And he came out with this idea that in the 11th dimension, we have membranes.
That's what M stands for, okay, or the mother of all strings.
In 10 dimensions, we have five string theories, five of them.
And Einstein once thought that the universe should be unique.
There shouldn't be five universes.
There should only be one universe.
God should not have had a choice in making the universe.
That was Einstein's famous comment.
Did God have a choice in making the universe?
So we have five string theories in 10 dimensions, but in 11 dimensions, they're all unified as one.
So we think there is a master theory, the mother of strings, which we call M-theory, which is still not fleshed out yet.
No one actually knows what M-theory is.
In fact, that's what I'm working on right now, is trying to find out the properties of M-theory in 11 dimensions.
And in 12 dimensions, by the way, the people at Harvard have speculated that there could be even a 12-dimensional theory lurking out there with two times.
Not one time, but two times.
So it would take two clocks to specify an event.
Now, you ask a question about the great attractor.
It turns out that in our universe, our universe is quite lumpy.
If you take a look at the galaxies around us, they're quite lumpy.
And we have globs of them called great attractors and other kinds of formulations, blobs of galaxies, and also holes where there are no galaxies at all.
And the question is, did the universe have enough time to create these fluctuations?
Carrasco, 17, from El Paso, Texas, killed by a drunk driver.
10-year-old Michael Delishmidt from Linden, Michigan, killed by a drunk driver.
Trish Wilson and Barry Dean Chambers from Columbia, South Carolina, both killed by a drunk driver.
13-year-old Nadine Blatt from Pennsylvania.
Jamie Tubbs from Wisconsin.
Jeff Brown from New York.
All killed by drunk drivers.
The list goes on and on.
Melanie Taylor, Brian Elliott, Michael Reed Jr.
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Now a moment of silence for all those who've died and for the estimated 16,000 who are going to die this year.
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The United States Navy serving America twice.
When I think back on it, that was one of the scariest days of my life.
I was young, overseas, and all of a sudden I'm in the middle of a battle.
But the day I went to the doctor and discovered I was going blind was even scarier.
For some time, I'd noticed blurring of my central vision and difficulty seeing at night.
You didn't think much of it.
Unfortunately, many Americans don't recognize the signs of retinal degenerative disease.
They think they just need new glasses.
Retinal degenerative disease affects millions, young and old.
Diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration.
That's why the Foundation Fighting Blindness is working to end vision loss through research.
Call 1-800-394-8280 for free information.
Today, if one of my friends tells me they have trouble seeing, I tell them to go to the doctor right away.
If you or a loved one are affected by a retinal degenerative disease, contact the Foundation Fighting Blindness at 1-800-394-8280.
It takes vision to find a cure.
When I opened the door, my sister gasped.
Susan, she said, you look like you haven't slept in years.
She didn't know how right she was.
It was my husband, Jack.
He snored like a freight train all night long.
But it wasn't the noise that kept me up.
It was the long silences in between when Jack would stop breathing.
I'd lie awake worrying.
Then finally he'd gasp for air and start snoring again.
This went on all night long.
In the morning, we both felt like we hadn't slept at all.
I fell asleep at work once.
Jack behind the wheel.
This had to stop.
So with my sister's encouragement, I got Jack to a doctor.
Turns out, Jack has sleep apnea, which can be life-threatening.
But with treatment, we've got it under control.
Better still, we've got our lives back.
Sleep apnea.
It's no way to sleep.
It's no way to live.
A public service message from the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research of the National Institutes of Health.
The National Institutes of Health.
The National Institutes of Health.
To rechart Bell in the Kingdom of Nye.
From west of the Rockies, dial 1-800-618-8255.
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First-time callers may rechart at 1-775-727-1222.
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This is Coast to Coast AM with Art Bell on the Premier Radio Networks.
We're actually getting quite a bit closer to this memo.
We don't have it yet.
This is a memo that went from the President's Science Advisor to the President just prior to the launch of Cassini.
And I have an article entitled The Cassini Gamble, in part signed by Dr. Earl Button, B-U-D-I-N.
And he had something to do with releasing the memo, I believe.
So we're still looking for that memo, and we're going to get it one way or the other.
If you're onto it, if you have found this memo that probably was not supposed to be released, but it's up there on the net somewhere, simply send some email, please, as soon as possible to my webmaster.
It would be webmaster at artbell.com.
That's webmaster at artbell.com if you locate that memo, and then we'll get it up for everybody to see.
In a moment, Dr. Kaku will be right back, and I think we were talking about blobs of something with a caller who's still on the line, so stay right where you are.
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That's 1-800-557-4627.
One more time.
1-800-557-4627.
On July 28, 1865, just three months after the assassination of President Lincoln, the steamship S.S. Brother Jonathan left the port of San Francisco.
Who could possibly have known that in just two days' time after encountering a vicious storm, she'd be at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean along with her cargo and 90% of her passengers and crew?
It was known that a part of that cargo was an Army payroll of $200,000 plus in gold coins.
In 1993, that wreck was discovered off the coast of California, and in 1996, a few gold coins were recovered.
Some were as brilliant as the day they were struck at the Min.
It would take years of court battles to determine the ownership of that gold, but finally, these historic coins are available in a very limited quantity to you, the public.
David Halls, North American Trading, is offering a free brochure to my listeners, telling the story of this incredible discovery with pictures of these coins.
Yes, so the question was, if we have a theory of everything, the latest version of string theory is now called M-theory, would it explain the fact that galaxies in the heavens clump the way they do?
Now let's get back to that bubble analogy of beer that we talked about at the beginning.
That soap bubble or the bubble of beer that expanded was actually a little bit irregular.
And it was irregular because of the quantum theory, because of uncertainty.
If it was perfectly smooth, that would violate the uncertainty principle.
So there were fluctuations.
It was kind of like a bumpy bubble, like a golf ball.
As it expanded, these little wrinkles in this bubble created the galaxies and the great attractor and all the clumpiness that we see around us.
So in principle, yes, if we have a theory of everything, we would also have the ability to calculate why the universe is so irregular as it is today.
We would be able to calculate the distribution of dark matter as well as ordinary matter and predict from first principles why the universe has clumpiness.
unidentified
But does it also address that horizon issue whether or not there was time for something that was 60 billion light years across to get out there within, say, the $10 to $15 billion estimated life of the universe?
Yeah, it has no electromagnetic properties, but it has gravitational properties.
So if I had a piece of it, like a rock of it, it'd be invisible.
But if I dropped it on your foot, because of gravity, you'd feel it.
Now, the leading candidate for dark matter is the Fotino, which is the higher vibration of the string.
So string theory says that matter consists of vibrating strings.
In other words, we all consist of music, music of these, a symphony, in fact, of these vibrating strings.
The leading theory of dark matter is the Fotino, the super photon, the super partner of light.
And depending upon how much dark matter there is, you can get the clumpiness that the caller talked about, the great attractor and the different kinds of clumpiness that we see in the universe.
Okay, I know this because many of my friends design hydrogen warheads.
And many years ago, I was offered a job, in fact, to design warheads.
I turned it down.
The first layer is a fission bomb, an atomic bomb that goes off.
That ignites a casing of lithium deuteride.
Lithium deuteride has hydrogen in it, and that creates a hydrogen bomb.
And then there's a blanket of uranium surrounding that, which is energized by the hydrogen bomb, and that gives you a kick, a 50% greater Kick in the intensity of the bomb.
A neutron bomb has the third layer missing.
It's a stripped-down hydrogen bomb.
Therefore, most of its radiation is not in the form of heat or blast.
Most of the energy is in the form of neutrons, which can go right through you.
And a neutron bomb, therefore, blankets an area with neutrons which kill organic material.
It goes through your DNA, disrupts the chromosome, creates free radicals, creates all sorts of cellular mischief, and kills you.
Where they actually had a scene, where they actually had this scene reproduced in the film, where he was hit with something like 5,000 rads of neutrons that's 10 times more than what will kill you.
He had 10 times that.
And a few months later, Louis Schlutton, a Canadian physicist of Russian parentage, he actually had two hemispheres of plutonium on a tabletop.
I mean, we went from villages to trading between villages and then cities and then states and then, or counties and states and then nations, and now we're forming blocks of nations.
And the natural progression would seem to be toward an eventual single entity of some sort.
Well, that's why I talk about a planetary civilization rather than specifically saying what type of government that civilization will attain.
The fact that the Earth is finite and the fact that computer power doubles every 18 months, that's Moore's law, means that it's inevitable.
We have no choice, that we will become a planetary civilization.
And you see it every time you read the newspaper, every time you read about cyberspace, the internet, telecommunications, you see the beginning of a Type 1 civilization.
The system of government that people choose, I would hope, is going to be done democratically.
And people will basically vote as to what type of government they want.
But I think the fact that we are becoming planetary is, in fact, almost mandated by the laws of physics.
We are finite on a finite Earth, but telecommunications are bringing the distance between any two humans to zero.
So when people wake up in the morning, they dial onto the internet and they talk to people halfway around the world.
Okay, chaos theory, I think, was overhyped five to seven years ago when it first came out.
Chaos theory is nothing but Newton's laws of motion, not even Einstein's, for large systems like the weather.
And we once hoped that we could perhaps predict the stock market, become rich, predict the weather, help farmers with chaos theory.
But chaos theory was a disappointment because it's very general.
You really can't say much about predicting the weather other than that it's unpredictable.
So, you know, we sort of knew that ahead of time.
So chaos theory, I think, is probably correct, but it doesn't give us anything useful that we can use in our daily life other than these beautiful curves and charts and very mystical type statements like chaos theory and complexity, what have you.
So I think it's sort of like catastrophe theory 20 years ago.
20 years ago, mathematicians thought that catastrophe theory would allow us to model the stock market and earthquakes and all sorts of catastrophic events.
But catastrophe Theory came out to be so general that we couldn't do anything on the stock market with it.
And the same thing with chaos theory.
I don't think you can predict a stock market with chaos theory or the weather other than to say very qualitative things like storms will form and you will have clouds.
Well, what does seem to be occurring, though, is a short cyclical change or a profound long-term change.
We would have no way of knowing, but the weather seems to be genuinely changing right now, becoming more violent, as though there is more heat on the planet, heat equaling energy, equaling very violent storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, whatever.
We're getting a lot more of it, and they're now talking about meteorologists are talking about actual change, couching their language very carefully.
Disaster agencies are talking about super disasters.
The South Pole is slowly beginning to break apart.
The Lawrence and Ice Shelf is unstable.
Parts of Alaska are beginning to thaw out now.
And sea levels, we think, are going to begin to rise in the 21st century, which means that many parts of the United States could be underwater in the 21st century.
So we are talking about, yes, pollution creating a global warming.
The first effects will be felt with superhurricanes, breaking up of the ice cap very slowly, melting of the tundra of Alaska, and this is all happening now.
Yeah, you can see that all arrows indicate global warming.
There's not a single arrow in the other direction.
If there was a mix of arrows, some pointing to a higher temperature, some pointing to a lower temperature, then you could say that the theory is still half-baked.
But every indicator shows that the Earth is heating up.
In fact, it's the hottest it's been in a thousand years.
By looking at tree rings and looking at ice cores from Greenland, by drilling into the ice, you can calculate temperatures actually going back 200,000 years.
And you realize that the temperature of the Earth today is the hottest it's been in a thousand years.
And then it seems to explain a lot of similar phenomenon that dark matter does as well.
And if there's any crossover there, and if there is, has this technology, I guess since it's not really mathematical, if it's been integrated successfully into any sort of a technological means?
Well, the holographic universe idea you're talking about, I think, right?
Is a theory, but it's not a theory that's reduced to equations.
Equations are the language that we use.
And until it can be placed into equations, we can't test it.
We can't do anything with it.
However, dark matter, on the other hand, is real.
The Hubble Space Telescope has now calculated the deflection of light as it goes through dark matter.
And we now know that there is this invisible substance out there that has gravity, but is invisible.
You can't see it.
Pictures of galaxies show galaxies, but you don't see a halo.
There's no gigantic sphere surrounding a galaxy, which contains 90% of the mass of the galaxy.
So 90% of the universe is missing.
So this has been verified by the Hubble Space Telescope and indirectly by many other experiments that have been done.
In fact, in your room, there's probably dark matter flowing around, except our instruments are too insensitive to pick up the dark matter in your room.
But we do think that 90% of the universe is, in fact, dark.
unidentified
And is there a way to tap into this field and use it in any means?
How far are we beyond acknowledging that it exists?
However, when you're talking about deep space drives, if it's matter, if it's dark matter and you're going very fast, you would presumably be passing by a great deal of it.
But, sir, are you aware that solar flares or ejecta, should that occur, actually depress our atmosphere when they strike Earth?
Oh, certainly.
This spacecraft is coming within 700 miles of Earth.
unidentified
I understand that, Bunch.
The biggest problem that's been suggested from solar flares is that the electronics fizzle out and all of a sudden the craft loses communications, which really wouldn't have any effect anyway, since it's already on its trajectory and will simply dumbly swing by the Earth.
But assuming that it gets that far, the other suggestion has been a micrometeorite impact where possibly one of a million trajectories would even bring it into the Earth.
The closer Cassini comes to the planet Earth, the more likely that it will swing around the Earth, assuming it doesn't hit the debris that surrounds the planet Earth.
So it's a question of time.
You cannot make an absolute statement.
When it was orbiting Venus, for example, very small corrections in its trajectory would have created tremendous deviations further down the line.
Now we're getting closer and closer.
It's only a month away now.
So there's a lot of truth to what you say.
It's on a trajectory.
It's a lot of energy as a consequence.
It would take a certain amount of energy to knock it off course.
What I'm saying is, however, that in the past, we've had rockets fire incorrectly.
We had a Mars observer explode, in fact, on its orbit around Mars, for God's sake.
Who would have thought that the tanks were overpressurized and we had an exploding spacecraft over Mars?
And, you know, these collisions are coming at 18,000 miles per hour.
The Cassini spacecraft itself is coming at 42,000 miles per hour, but space debris orbits at 18,000 miles per hour.
A collision there could make it tumble and come apart, in which case parts of it could then hit the Earth.
I think we're being too cocky when we simply say that, well, Newton's laws of motion carry it on a trajectory toward the Earth.
Yeah, the same thing about the Mars Observer.
We had a lot of glitches.
We've had a lot of problems with the space probes.
About 10% of our space probes malfunction when they are actually in outer space because we lose radio contact, the rockets don't fire on time, communication software signals are given incorrectly by human error.
unidentified
So never underestimate the unexpected.
Understood.
Well, all right, assuming that the craft does impact something within the 700-mile region there and chooses, or parts of it choose their trajectory, which would actually not have it skip off the atmosphere and instead head right in for re-entry.
I'm reading the NASA environmental impact statement, and basically over the next 50 years, 99% of the population would be getting one milliRam of exposure, whereas they have for comparison, a round-trip flight between New York and L.A. is five milligrams, a dental x-ray is 40 milliamps.
You're reading the wrong part of the environmental impact statement.
Go to the environmental impact statement where they talk about evacuating huge areas of swampland.
Go to the area where they talk about decontaminating people's homes.
Go to the area where they estimate that 1,000 people could be killed if this thing plunges into the atmosphere.
Go to the part where it talks about the impact, that you can have 60% aerosolization of the material, which would be inhalable in five micron-sized particles, which would be death to anyone who happens to inhale this.
You're reading the wrong section of the environmental impact statement.
The environmental impact statement, by law, had to go into the worst-case scenario.
The worst case scenario is not the milligram doses you're talking about worldwide.
The worst case scenario is that it hits the earth.
70% will hit the earth.
60% of that will aerosolize and get into people's lungs.
And if the wind blows it into a populated area, you're talking about casualties that could range in the thousands, tens of thousands, according to NASA, hundreds of thousands, according to my computer calculations.