SWAJ Rewind: The Evangelical Anti-Vaccine Movement 50 Years in the Making
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Brad speaks with scholar Mark Fugitt whose recent work explores the various sources and factors in evangelical opposition to the COVID vaccine. He provides the historical context for this movement, showing that it is half a century in formation. He explains to Brad how everything from creationism, to Christian wellness, to anti-abortion sentiment, and the apocalypse play into fear-mongering around the COVID vaccine.
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Amen.
Welcome to Straight White American Jesus.
My name is Brad Onishi, faculty at the University of San Francisco.
Sorry, y'all.
It's been a long week.
I'm tired.
I forgot where I work, I guess.
Our show is also in a partnership with the CAP Center, UCSB. And I'm here today, joined by Mark Fugate, who is a historical theologian, pastor, professor at various places, including Missouri State University, He teaches widely philosophy, religion, theology, and so on.
And we're going to talk about some great research you've done in a paper you just gave at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion on a vaccine movement, or I should say an anti-vaccine movement, in evangelical and conservative Christian circles that's been building for a long time.
So let me just stop and say, Mark, thanks for joining me.
You bet.
Thanks for having me.
We're recording here sort of in the run-up to Christmas and the holidays.
And so, friends, we've had a bunch of schedules and reschedules and mini calamities and other things.
So Mark has graciously sort of hung in there with all of the different times we were trying to make all this happen.
So, all right.
So I need to start by saying this, Mark.
Your paper made me Eat crow.
And that is because I grew up in what you call in your paper, a name brand evangelical church.
And I didn't hear from my pulpit and I didn't hear from the radio and other places, a kind of anti-vaccine sentiment.
Now, that doesn't mean there weren't people in the pews next to me who had an anti-vaccine sentiment.
But my experience was not one where I ever heard a teacher or preacher tell me, hey, You know, that measles vaccine is from Satan, or if you go to the doctor, you need to be careful about what they give you.
And so there have been several times on the show when I have said, hey, you know, this opposition to the COVID vaccine on the part of evangelicals and other conservative Christians is seemingly new, or at least it's just kind of coming out of the current political context rather than a A kind of long tradition of anti-vaccine teachings.
Reading your work made me realize I think I came to that conclusion way too quickly and way too blithely.
And so what you've done in your paper is really provide us a kind of, unfortunately, a buffet of anti-vaccine sources that developed over the last half century.
And I wonder if we can just go through those.
Does that make sense to you?
I mean, do you feel like when you present this kind of work, other people have the kind of reaction I had?
Yeah, by all means.
And this has been something I've been watching, of course, like you for the last couple of years.
And one of the reasons I wanted to write this, I think a couple years ago, or about a year and a half ago, I saw a Twitter post with somebody just kind of basically echoing what you just said.
And I thought, there is something a lot deeper there that goes back farther.
And of course, Like you said, my experience is similar.
I didn't hear this preached from the pulpit or I didn't hear this taught, but I was exposed to a lot of these influences.
And I think that's my point here.
When respected voices from our past, from our experiences, have made these suggestions, what was just maybe on the back of our minds or on the fringe of our minds, now it had a little resonance now whenever somebody says, oh, this is a thing.
And so, yeah, the big point of my paper is that it's basically this moment now is...
An intersection of all these ideas, not an initiation of these ideas.
And so it's important to look at this back history to see how come the anti-vaccine movement, at least among Christians, got going so quickly.
I think that's what surprises people so much now, so many writers, that it just took off.
Well, it didn't just come out of nowhere.
Yeah, that's well said.
And you begin the paper with some statistics that I've actually cited on the show, which are from PRRI. And those statistics are basically revealing that counties with greater shares of white evangelical Protestants have lower rates of vaccination.
And I don't think people listening will be surprised by that.
Counties with greater shares of religious...
Religiously unaffiliated people, people who are in the category of the none, have higher rates of vaccination.
So it seems as if, if you're in a county with more white evangelical Protestants, less people will be vaccinated.
Okay, so the question is, as you just sort of outlined, where did this come from?
How did the anti-COVID vaccine Movement get going and pick up steam so quickly because it's now, and I think you hinted this at the end of the paper and hopefully we can get into it, is it's now providing a nexus for connections across groups.
So, you know, when Sean Foyt Is leading worship rallies with the Proud Boys sort of standing nearby.
And the Proud Boys are standing alongside anti-vaccination parents at school board meetings.
You're starting to see some of these groups really start to form a coalition, right?
And so the question is, how did all of that happen so quickly?
So let's just go through a list.
I mean, you provide in the paper such an unfortunately extensive list.
The first is the Christian wellness movement.
And so there's gonna be folks out there that are like, what is that?
You know, what is a Christian wellness movement and how does it lead to anti-vax sentiment?
Yeah, the Christian wellness movement is one of those things that if you've spent any time in a church, you've certainly encountered it, this idea that God wants you to be well physically.
And of course, that's a great sentiment, but it's how we interpret that, right?
What do we do with that?
And so you see a lot of things over the last couple of decades or more That really emphasize this idea of spiritual wellness, being connected to physical wellness, whether it's diets of the Bible.
I remember different books in the church libraries when I was a kid, it was more diets of the Bible, eat these things.
Here's a recipe that we found in Exodus, and we're going to make it somehow.
So those types of things have been around.
You see it a little bit more now, before COVID, but in the last while, where people are Really extrapolating wellness ideas directly from verses.
I think in the paper I quote one Bible study leader online who interprets a verse from Isaiah that In one translation says, my people will live as long as trees.
And she then takes that and says, God wants us to live long.
And so then she thus is able to open doors to all these different wellness ideas.
And I think that's the notion that we're really seeing.
We're also seeing this push to alternative medicines, this desire to find some secret knowledge, something more than what a doctor will tell us.
And A lot of sources have been talking about this for years, that doctors that deal with Christians need to be aware of alternative therapies because chances are Christians are going to have heard about these, and so they'll need to be able to respond to those alternative treatment ideas.
Of course, this goes into a lot with vaccines over the last few years, specifically with parents and this biblical notion that the parents know best, which It's a great idea to emphasize personal responsibility, but it also then carries this potentially harmful thing when it goes into the parent knows better than the doctor.
And we see a lot of that in writings coming up to this moment.
And it's really strange to read a lot of books by doctors and a lot of articles by doctors in the years prior to COVID. Because they read almost like prophecy in the fact that they're saying, hey, this is a problem.
This is a trend.
And now we're seeing it happen on a much bigger scale when the stakes are a lot higher.
And I think that's the most profound difference now.
We always shrugged our shoulders before when there'd be a measles outbreak or something, and it would be isolated.
And of course, COVID didn't go away.
I want to note that the Bible study leader you mentioned here goes by the name Melissa Redpill the World.
So that's just worth, I think, noting.
That is worth, yeah.
There's a lot of Matrix note in this world.
And one note for me about this is that this is one place where folks who seem...
I mean, if we want to talk about a political spectrum, Folks who are inching towards the right here in terms of anti-government, anti-vaccine, anti-medicine settlements are really looping back around and linking up with people who do the same going left and are anti-vaccine and wellness-informed.
I'm very familiar with those communities in California who are not Christian but are very much saying the same stuff.
It's like if you took the Christianese out of some of the people in your paper They would sound a lot like the folks that I think of in some of the back-to-the-land or hippie communities that I've encountered in California.
So it's very interesting to see those line up.
But you point out well in the paper that the mantra is, do your own research.
It's been the mantra for 20 years, and it's really kind of coming into its own in COVID time.
Another part of this is something I do know about, but I guess I should have linked more explicitly to anti-COVID vaccine stuff, and that's just distrust of science, media, and the government.
One of the things that I did hear as a kid, Mark, was that Things like the mark of the beast would come, and I know you touch on this later in the paper, but they would come from the government and you need to be really careful.
And so if you have things like a COVID vaccine, maybe that is a mark of the beast.
If you have a microchip to track people, that's a mark of the beast.
All of that leads into a distrust of not only government, but someone like Dr. Fauci, right?
Dr. Fauci is this intersection of science And the medical industrial complex and the government.
And so, hey, he's enemy number one kind of thing.
Does that make sense according to what you see?
Yeah, no, you're right.
And what we're seeing is an increasing dichotomy in In the political spectrum, but in this paper, I tried to deal not with the political side, but just the religious side.
What we're seeing, though, is this increasing rhetoric of light and dark, right and wrong.
As a historian, of course, you go back and watch political debates, different things from 50, 60 years ago, and the idea was, we disagree strongly, but we both believe the best for America.
Of course we know that's an idea that is at short supply right now.
But especially in religious circles where the rhetoric turns to a more, we're on the side of God and you're on the side of Satan or a demonic force.
And so it becomes a spiritual battle.
And I know a lot of other writers have been looking at this in the last 20 or 30 years, the rise of this concept that every Christian is at war with A spiritual force.
And of course, there's a biblical truth there to that as far as for those who believe the Bible.
But who is that enemy?
And I think that's what we're seeing now is a lot of finger pointing, a lot of really what we would consider dehumanization of a...
You know, a fellow American or somebody with another opinion on this is then becoming a force of darkness.
And so, yeah, there's a lot of distrust then that comes with that in science, government, media.
If they're no longer even human or at least not influenced by human sources, then I can't compromise.
I can't even have a discussion because who would compromise and discuss with the devil?
Well, I mean, everything you said there should, I think, help people listening understand, too, why QAnon became such an easy ally for some folks in this movement and some folks who are willing to see basically the world according to a Manichean kind of structure, that it's good and evil, it's divine and satanic, and you have to choose a side and get on board.
One of the other things you mentioned in your paper that was really a blast from the past for me was mentioning abortion.
Now, abortion is something we talk about quite often on this show, and that's not a blast from the past, but there are folks out there who are really claiming that the COVID vaccine shots are tainted with aborted fetal tissue, and that's why they can't use it, that it's just part of this larger movement that is, again, as you say, not only demonic, but is Willing to sacrifice children in order to give you a shot in the arm for this pandemic.
This was a blast from the past for me because growing up in California in the late 90s, we had these debates about using cells and stem cell research that supposedly contained this kind of fetal tissue.
And so I remember those debates in church vividly.
Could you help us understand how that's playing into the COVID vaccine discussions?
Yeah, and with the COVID vaccine, I think what you hit on is this idea that it crosses over from an ethical debate into what we might consider a conspiracy or just misinformation whenever the makers of these vaccines have openly stated that certain vaccines are not made from these cell lines.
But in the 70s and 80s, there were Indeed, cell lines derived from some aborted fetal tissue that were used in medical research.
And that's true.
And I think there's a legitimate ethical discussion that we can have in ethics and philosophy and even as people of faith.
And have that discussion.
And there's a lot of actually several good Catholic scholars that have written on this over the last couple of decades.
But really what concerns me is when we grab this argument that, as you stated, was really a debate of the 90s and early 2000s, and we revive it to be against the COVID vaccines.
And I think And we may get to this later, but the idea that pastors have this oddly large influence over people in regards to their medical treatment.
I was struck that one pastor recently posted on Facebook that, you know, part of what he said was every single one, talking about the vaccines, has the blood of innocent image bearers of God attached to them.
So clearly, He does not believe what the makers of these vaccines have said, nor is he willing to have the deeper ethical discussion.
He's just across the board against these vaccines using the abortion debate, which we know in Christian circles is sometimes a debate stopper, right?
And I think that's an unfair leverage of that ethical debate.
Well, yeah, I think you hit on something that was on my mind, which is that abortion is often not something that's debated.
It's often, as you're saying, a kind of trump card.
Hey, if I pull this card out, the discussion's over.
And so if you attach the covid vaccines to that issue in a certain Christian context, OK, I did it.
It's like I hit blackjack.
You know, I mean, there's just no there's no way you're coming back from that in terms of any kind of discussion.
Okay, one of the things that you connect in the paper that really actually I thought was quite interesting is the creation movement.
So, you know, folks listening will be probably familiar in some sense with the idea of the intelligent design movements or the young earth creation movements and folks who really are arguing that the earth is six, seven thousand years old and so on and so forth.
However, there is a link here in your mind between that creation movement that develops Well, it's been going for a long time, but it was revived in sort of modern times in the mid-20th century between that and kind of anti-vaccine sediment.
So how does that work?
If I'm a young creationist, why would I end up being skeptical of a COVID vaccine?
Well, you may not be, but you may have been exposed to it.
And that's really the thing that got me started on this entire paper.
For some other research, I was watching a Kent Hovind video, one of his DVD series, on the dangers of evolution, as he calls it.
And these are videos that were produced and were in church libraries through the 90s and early 2000s on VHS and then DVDs.
Kent Hovind started in the late 80s in Florida and began to tour the U.S. talking about young earth creationism.
He has some very unique ideas, and he's also King James only.
He's got several unique things that made him a prominent speaker in some circles.
People liked what he had to say.
They liked that he didn't like the government and a whole bunch of other things.
He spoke at churches, and his ideas were there.
People used his video series in Sunday school classes, small groups, and I had seen some of those through the years.
And like I said, I was working on some research and I was watching actually the video in my car and was just listening to it and was just struck all of a sudden that he did a several minute segment against vaccines.
And so, as you said, how do we get from one point to the other?
Well, basically, he goes to Genesis, and he says, from Genesis 128, when God tells Adam and Eve to be fruitful and multiply, and that's his main verse to say, this is what God wants people to do.
And here's some quotes, basically, how he connects the dots.
He says, Satan wants to reduce the population.
God's plan is to fill the earth with people.
And one of Satan's methods is, and I'm quoting here, high infant mortality rate with vaccines.
He then goes on to talk about how He quotes Genesis 3.15 and says, Satan knows that some seed of the woman will bruise his head, so he wants to kill everybody.
Satan wants to kill every human on the planet.
And then he goes on to basically, he says, before you get a kid vaccinated for any reason, you'd better study the subject.
And so that's what I think is the most, you know, he just pulls in this idea that really is beyond the scope of his talk, brings it in and just casts a little doubt on there.
And I realized that thousands and thousands of churches had these videos and were exposed to this.
They were listening to them for a completely other reason.
And yet he brings in these, and he offers a bunch of sources, which then takes somebody farther down the rabbit hole.
He offers sources from non-Christian anti-vaccine movements, and that's where I think, like we said earlier, it opens the door to a lot of different places for somebody that might trust him as a voice.
Well, and as you're saying, I mean, this is one of the best examples of how this idea has been around for 30 years.
You know, as you said, these DVDs and tapes were in church libraries, right, going back to the 90s.
And so it's not like this is 2010, 2015, 2020. This is, you know, yeah, this is 30 years old.
I think something we need to talk about is the kind of Ways that antisemitism might play into the anti-vaccine kind of sediments for some people.
You actually begin the paper with a vignette from a time when you were working at a Christian school and going over vaccination records.
And you notice that at the school, there were people who...
I'm sorry, the percentages of vaccinated kids was quite low.
And you started doing research and realizing that that was pretty normal, that kids at such schools often are vaccinated at a much lower rate than kids at public schools.
This also sort of illuminated some of the ways that people justified getting a quote unquote religious exemption for vaccination.
And you even talk about a prominent member of the community who seemingly was sort of spouting Anti-Semitic rhetoric as a kind of way to justify why his kid couldn't get a vaccine.
So can you help us understand kind of some of how what you call the Christian identity groups, which have an anti-Semitic bent to them, are part of this discussion?
Yeah, so the thing that we sometimes forget, obviously, is a long history, as a medieval historian, a long history of anti-Semitism, and especially linked to basically anything that we need to demonize or distrust.
And that's often, when anybody's looking for a scapegoat, it often looks at the Jewish community and these darker movements.
And so it wasn't a surprise in many ways for me as a historian, but it is a surprise in many ways, as you said, just to see this idea of mainstream extremism or this notion that certain Christian identity movements, which those movements are identified as a hate group with the Southern Poverty Law Center.
They're not a huge portion of the population.
They do not represent mainstream Christianity by any means.
So we're talking 25,000 plus people in the whole United States.
However, as you said before, now that these ideas are starting to move side to side, people that share this skepticism of vaccines are seeing a friendly voice.
Well, what we're worried about here is, in this particular case, there's a church about 45 minutes away from my house that looks like a normal church.
They stream their services on YouTube.
They sing church specials.
It looks like a fairly conservative church.
That you would see all around this part of Southwest Missouri, but yet one of their major tenets is that they believe they replaced the people of Israel in the Bible and people that identify as modern-day Jews are not true Jewish people of the Bible and Therefore, they are to blame for all of society's ills.
I mean, this is typical antisemitism.
But they also believe that a giant Jewish cabal is controlling the government and is desiring to kill us all using things like vaccines.
And so, yeah, this anti-vaccine letter that I read, this saying that their student could be exempt from vaccines, It outlined how there are Jews trying to kill us all with vaccines.
And I think that's just shocking that that would be a notion that one of our neighbors might hold.
And so I think that's one of the reasons I wanted to speak to this is because it's the classic line of, if we don't say something, these are the voices that are being heard.
Well, you hit on something here that I think is really poignant, which is for those of us paying attention, you know, yourself included as a historian, right?
We know that anti-Semitism runs deep in, as you're saying, Christian history, medieval history, American history, it's all there.
Anti-Semitism is something that has been kind of bubbling to the surface in even more scary and frightening ways, I think, during the Trump years and certainly during the COVID years.
But what you hit on, I think, is really the way to envision it, right?
So we have this church, and you're like, hey, my family and I are looking for a church.
We're Christian folks.
Let's check these people out.
It's COVID, so maybe we'll just watch on YouTube instead of going down to be in person.
All right.
Yeah.
And a good choir and like the sermon.
That was good.
Okay.
And then, you know, before you know it, though, you're sort of part of a community that you learn gradually is holding these deeply anti-Semitic views that are incredibly troubling.
And all of a sudden...
You know, you're what people might term as radicalized, unfortunately, because you're now part of the community.
It's a community that means something to you.
You have friends there.
They bring you soup when you're sick and they help you watch your kids and take care of them and blah, blah, blah.
So that to me is another way as we talk about anti-vaccine stuff moving side to side.
We can talk about the Proud Boys.
We can talk about the ways that these things have kind of helped to build coalitions.
One of the unfortunate One of the components of that is anti-Semitism, pure and simple.
I mean, we see that with QAnon.
We see it in many other places.
All right, let's do one more.
And honestly, this leads to my favorite line in the paper.
So you talk about sola fide, right?
Faith alone.
And you give us a line that I'm sure many people have heard over the last year or so, and that is, my body's my temple.
And there's a meme here, and some folks might have seen it, right?
You put your faith in this, and it's a person getting a shot in the arm.
And then underneath that is, I'll keep my faith in this, and it's a picture of a nail going through a hand, you know, which probably represents Jesus on the cross.
And so anyway, Mark, just wondering, Talk to us about that.
Where did we get this idea that Jesus is my vaccine?
Oh, yeah.
This notion of sola fide is a Reformation idea, right?
That faith alone is what saves a person.
And I think that's a great idea of the Protestant Reformation.
And of course, we can all discuss that from a theological standpoint.
But what it's done, it's been captured as this idea that I don't need any precautions or any health care.
I don't need anything because my faith will make me whole somehow, this notion.
And of course, our biggest issue with this is inconsistency because most of the people of faith claiming this are not from the more typical movements that actually don't go to the hospital when they're sick or those types of things.
These are folks that are using the medical care, modern medical care, in every other regard, except for whenever they disagree with it.
And so I think it's an interesting part of the rhetoric That is taken to the extreme and used really more as an excuse to spiritualize a lot of these ideas.
And you've seen it.
You've seen things like faith over fear, which is probably something that I have preached about in the past or talked about, not in this context, that we don't have to be afraid of what happens.
But that doesn't mean we go and lay on the train tracks.
And I think that's where things have been...
It's really become a liturgy in itself, this idea of faith over fear, and spiritualized some of these secular arguments against vaccines, I think.
So this leads to my favorite line in the paper, which is, the Protestant doctrine of the priesthood of the believer has turned into the mantra, do your own research.
And I talked about this a couple months ago, but I really appreciated how you put this in this context, because there is a way that you can get from the idea as a Protestant person, and Protestantism has a, you know, and this is very general, very reductive, so bear with me here, but has A kind of individualistic approach in certain contexts to theology, to anthropology, to all kinds of things.
And certainly in the United States, that has been true in many Protestant circles for a long time.
And so you can kind of see how somebody would say, hey, I have the idea that every person who Claims the mantle of Christian, who reads their Bible, who is a person of faith.
They have the authority from God to make decisions about things in ways that might be different from, say, someone in a Catholic church where the priests have been invested with that kind of authority.
And so that means That I'm going to do my own research on not only the Bible, not only what I think about what 1 Timothy means or 1 Timothy chapter 2 or Colossians 3 or anything else, but I'm going to do my own research as it comes to vaccines and I can be an authority.
So I can get on Facebook or I can get on YouTube or I can get anywhere else and kind of tell people, you know, what they need to be thinking about this pandemic.
That it's poignant, it's simple, but it really seems to encapsulate everything you're doing here in terms of the paper.
I mean, do you see it that way?
How does that line up for you?
I think that's a pretty good generalization.
I mean, there's obviously a lot of detail there, but yeah, this idea that I can become my own expert And we deal with it in churches, you know, the idea that should the pastor be educated, should, you know, what should happen there, or, and I think as you summarized, what does that look like then when we carry it over into all areas of life?
And you've read people probably that have talked about the death of expertise, and I think we're seeing that from a spiritualized perspective here, right, where somebody says, I can do this, and Once again, I say this as a Protestant, that I have no problem with the concept of the priesthood of the believer, that I have the opportunity to know God and be known by Him directly.
But where does that stop?
Where does that carry over into these other things like medical care?
And I think that's an important discussion that we have to have with folks that I'm having with folks that I love and know to say, where are you getting information from?
And really consider those sources and what the long-term effect of that will be.
Well, I appreciate your work on this.
I was perusing, I'll be honest, I was looking at the AAR program.
If you're not familiar with this and you're listening, every year there's an AAR conference, American Academy of Religion, and it's done with the Society of Biblical Literature.
It means there's like 10,000 scholars to get together, which is its own thing in itself.
Could do a whole podcast on that whole thing.
However, it does mean that there's amazing stuff in terms of scholarship being presented and you can't go to all of it.
And so I was looking through the book and I saw your paper, Mark, and I thought, wow, I'd really love to talk to him.
And so we're out of time.
I'm just wondering, I'm not sure that there's a published form of this paper yet.
Are there ways people can link up with the work if they'd like to follow up or what's the best way to kind of keep track of what you're doing with this?
Yeah, you can find me on Twitter at at Mark Fugate or the paper is actually available on my Academia page or I'd love to interact if you send me a message on Twitter and we can discuss and I'm happy to provide PDF of anything that I've done.
That's perfect.
Well, thank you.
The paper, Satan Shot, How Christian Fundamentalists Spent Decades Building an Anti-Vaccine Movement.
And so, appreciate your time, Mark.
As always, friends, you can find us at StraightWhiteJC on social media, Instagram, Twitter.
TikTok can find me at Bradley Onishi.
We can always use your help on Patreon and PayPal to keep doing our show.
You can find that at StraightWhiteAmericanJesus.com.
We'll be back later this week, but for now, thanks for listening.
