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June 19, 2012 - Skeptoid
19:14
Skeptoid #315: The Tehran 1976 UFO

Declassified military documents show that Iranian fighter planes engaged a UFO in 1976. Here's what's actually known. Learn about your ad choices: dovetail.prx.org/ad-choices

Transcriber: nvidia/parakeet-tdt-0.6b-v2, sat-12l-sm, and large-v3-turbo
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Time Text
Tehran UFO Mystery 00:06:35
It was 1976 in the skies above Tehran, and a pair of Iranian fighter pilots in their American F-4 Phantom jets were chasing down a mysterious UFO.
They even had it on their radar screens.
Suddenly, their instruments went haywire, and they were forced to return to base.
Had the UFO just attacked them with some kind of electronics jammer?
Or might this famous UFO case have a more earthly explanation?
The Tehran 1976 UFO is coming right up on Skeptoid.
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The Tehran 1976 UFO.
Just about every well-known UFO story is billed as among the best documented and most believable.
Well, they can't all be right, and certainly some documentation is better than others.
UFologists' favorite supporting documentation is declassified government communiques that mention the UFO.
And one famous case has about as much as any other.
It happened in 1976 in the skies over the city of Tehran, Iran, in the dark just after midnight.
Not much Iranian documentation survives due to the revolution that happened soon after, but the United States Air Force and Defense Intelligence Agency gathered enough written material to make the Tehran 1976 UFO one of the creepiest and most menacing in all of UFology.
The story goes that sometime before midnight on September 19th, four Tehran residents began telephoning the local Mehrabad airport, stating that they saw a bright light in the sky.
Mehrabad's radar was under repair and was not operational, so General Yousafi phoned Shahrakhi Air Force Base at Hamadan, 275 kilometers west-southwest of Tehran.
They showed nothing on radar.
Yousafi went outside and saw the bright light for himself.
He then ordered a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom fighter plane, piloted by Lieutenant Yadi Nazari, plus a backseat weapons officer, to have a look.
It took off from Shahrohi an hour later at 1.30 a.m.
Once Nazari reached Tehran, he reported losing all instruments and communications, so turned around and returned to base, and reported that his instruments came back once he did so.
A second F-4 was launched at 1.40 a.m., piloted by Lieutenant Parvis Jafferi.
Jafferi acquired radar lock on the bright object at a range of 27 nautical miles.
According to the F-4's radar, the object had a signature similar to that of a KC-135 Stratotanker.
Jafferi reported that its lights consisted of alternating strobes of blue, green, red, and orange, so fast that all four were visible at once.
The F-4 pursued the object to the south of Tehran.
It dropped another bright object out, which Jafferi believed to be heading straight for him, so he attempted to engage it with an AIM-9 Sidewinder infrared guided missile.
But upon doing so, he lost all communications and his weapons console.
He turned away and saw the second object apparently rejoin and merge with the first object.
Moments later, another bright object came out and went straight down into the ground, leaving a bright trail and lighting up a large 2-3 kilometer wide area.
Jafferi prepared to land at Mehrabad rather than return to Shahrahi, and during approach, experienced further intermittent communications and navigation failures.
A commercial airliner in the vicinity also reported communication failures, but did not see anything.
The next day, Jafferi and his backseat officer were taken out in a helicopter to have a look at where they thought the light hit the ground.
Nothing was found, except they did pick up the beeping from a radio transponder.
They homed in on the signal to the vicinity of a house, where the occupants knew nothing except they'd heard a loud noise and a bright flash of light during the night.
And that's where the story ended.
Lots of strange events and no explanations.
How do we know all of this?
Because the Iranians told us.
Following the incident, Iran invited the U.S. Air Force Section Chief, Lieutenant Colonel Olin Moy, to a debriefing.
The story as just given came from Moy's official Memorandum for Record based on his notes.
Moy's memo was never deemed important enough to classify, and in fact was published in the United States two months later by UFO investigator, the newsletter of the civilian UFO enthusiast group NICAP.
Iran was a relatively peaceful country in 1976 and open to Westerners.
The first rumblings of revolution were still at least a year away.
Among the American expats living in Iran were engineers from various contractors who supported the 225 F-4 fighter planes the United States had sold to Iran over the previous decade.
And of course, just about every other guy you'd see on the street who looked American was probably working for the CIA in some capacity or another.
So we had really good eyes and ears into the machinations of the Iranian government and a tight working relationship with their military.
Over the years, most of the story's basics have stayed pretty much the same, even when it was dramatized on a 1994 episode of the TV series Sightings.
Sightings got a number of details wrong, including stating that Mehrabad's radar was operational and that it indicated the object was as large as a KC-135 Stratotanker.
Eliminating Natural Causes 00:10:39
In fact, radar signatures did not indicate an object's size at all, only the strength of the reflected signal.
Sightings also described all events from the context of a presumption that the light was a hostile and intelligently guided alien spacecraft, using language like the jamming was turned off as soon as the F-4 was, quote, no longer deemed to be a threat, and referring to the light as a craft or a mother ship.
Along with Colonel Moy's memo, the United States Air Force published a narrative titled, Now You See It, Now You Don't, about it, which was classified and was only released in 1981 following a Freedom of Information Act request.
The case leaves us with six elements that are difficult to explain.
First, the classified U.S. military documents.
There would not be classified documents if nothing extraordinary had happened.
Second, the persistent sighting of the mother ship, the main light that was constantly visible and was observed by residents, by USAFE, and by the pilots.
Third, the selective jamming of communications, electronics, and fire control systems, which remains, to this day, beyond known military capability.
Fourth, the radar lock obtained by the second F4, indicating a solid flying object.
Fifth, the bright missiles, first the one that shot out toward the second F4, and second, the one that descended to the ground with a flash.
And sixth, the beeping transponder.
Let's take a look at these, one at a time.
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First, the classified Now You See It, Now You Don't document.
As mentioned, this was a narrative told as a dramatic story and was hardly in the nature of an official government document.
Yet it's often waived by the UFologists as compelling evidence.
It was actually an editorial in the typed mimeographed newsletter of the United States Air Force Security Service's quarterly MIDGI Newsletter.
MIDGI standing for Meekening, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference.
Because this service requires a security clearance, their newsletter is protected as well.
There's nothing especially interesting about the actual article.
It's just a dramatized retelling of the same information in Colonel Moy's memo.
Offered in the newsletter as a curious editorial on the subject of jamming and interference.
Second was the mother ship, that persistent light in the sky that prompted the phone calls, aroused Yousafi's curiosity, and led the pilots on their merry chase across the skies.
We don't know what this was.
Journalist Philip Klass suggested that it was the planet Jupiter, an explanation echoed by aerospace researcher James Oberg.
Many UFologists have dismissed this explanation, saying that Jupiter's direction in the sky was 90 degrees wrong.
But I found two reasons to give this suggestion some credence.
First, the direction is not wrong.
The F-4s were scrambled to northern Tehran, not to the light.
Once they arrived, they saw the light just where Jupiter would have been.
Second, Yousafi and the telephone witnesses all described the light as similar to a star, but much brighter.
Considering the fact that Jupiter was in the sky, my own conclusion is that it's almost certain that Jupiter was responsible for some percentage of what was reported that night, though not necessarily everything.
Third was the apparently successful jamming of communications and radar equipment that one would think should have concerned the Americans and Iranians equally.
In 1978, Klass dug deeper into this.
He was not able to get any information from any Iranian sources, but he did track down several American civilian contractors from Westinghouse and McDonnell Douglas who were involved in the incident.
The Westinghouse tech at Shahrohi confirmed that only the second F-4 was reported to have experienced any electrical problems during the flight.
The first F-4 was never sent in for maintenance.
The McDonnell Douglas tech at Shahroqi noted that the second F-4 had a long history of intermittent electric outages that the Iranian Air Force had never been able to fix.
He was personally called in to adjust that F-4's radar about a month after the event.
Both techs stated that the Shahrohi base was notorious for low-quality work and poor record keeping.
So we have reason to expect that Jafferi's F-4 would have had electrical problems, regardless of whether he was under attack by a UFO or not.
And we have conflicting stories about whether Nazare's F-4 had any problems at all or not.
Only Jafferi was present at the official debriefing.
Nazari never made any known official report until he had moved to the United States and appeared on the sightings TV show.
Fourth is the compelling radar lock obtained by Jafferi's backseat weapons officer.
Surely there had to be something up there.
Maybe there was.
Most of what these pilots did was to intercept enemy MiG-25 fighters on surveillance missions, whether Jupiter was in the sky or not.
But there were also two other possibilities.
Note that Jafferi's radar was known to be defective, or at least in need of adjustment.
The same McDonnell Douglas supervisor noted that the weapons officer, quote, could have been in manual track or something like that and not really realized it.
Whichever of the three possibilities was true, it's not necessarily a fact that a radar lock meant something was there.
Maybe there was, maybe there wasn't.
Fifth were the bright objects that Jafferi reported came at him and that shot straight down into the ground.
Twice a year, the Earth's orbit takes us through the debris trail left by Halley's comet, causing meteor showers.
We also pass through various other clouds and trails at the same time each year.
In his 1984 book, Meteor Showers, a Descriptive Catalog, astronomer Gary Kronk studied years of annual meteor data up through 1980.
On September 19th, we are at or near the maximums of two minor annual showers, the gamma pisids and the southern pisids, and at the tail end of a third shower, the Eta Draconids.
There was more than enough expected meteor activity to account for all of the reports of falling lights and rapidly moving bright objects.
Some UFologists have attempted to connect the Tehran sighting with several other sightings of speeding bright lights that same night across the Mediterranean, suggesting that the mother ship must have been speeding all around the region.
Since there were meteors falling worldwide that night, such sightings are exactly what we should expect to see, mother ships or not.
Klass noted several cases where experienced night pilots have taken unnecessary evasive maneuvers to avoid meteors that they mistook for aircraft.
Another telling detail that Klass learned from the American technicians is that the Shahrohi pilots never flew at night, that these two night sorties chasing the UFO were the only known night flights during the whole time the technicians were stationed there.
According to Colonel Moy's report, the pilots reported that landing at Mehrabad was difficult because they were having trouble adjusting their night visibility.
Sixth was the beeping transponder located by Jaffery and the helicopter crew the next day.
Apparent physical evidence of intelligent technology.
And so it probably was.
Colonel Moy noted that the beeping transponder appeared to be from an American C-141.
These large transport aircraft carried such transponders designed to be released in the event of a crash, but they'd been having problems with the beepers being ejected simply by turbulence over the mountains just north of Tehran.
Once we look at all the story's elements without the presumption of an alien spaceship, the only thing unusual about the Tehran 1976 UFO case is that planes were chasing celestial objects and had equipment failures.
There have been many cases where planes had equipment failures, and there have been many cases where planes misidentified celestial objects.
Once in a while, both will happen on the same flight.
A common way for UFologists to analyze stories such as this one is to use a process of elimination to show that it wasn't a star, it wasn't Jupiter, it wasn't a meteor or an aircraft, therefore we're left with the only thing it could have been, an alien spacecraft.
The problem with this reasoning is that it's exactly as valid as using a process of elimination to show the only thing it could have been was the fiery chariot of Elijah.
Why Process of Elimination Fails 00:01:55
Neither, in fact, is a process of elimination the proper way to examine such stories.
We want to know what it is, not what it isn't.
And in this case, we don't have enough information to know what it was.
So even if any of the six elements is not otherwise explained, all we're left with is, I don't know.
Not, I do know, and it was an alien spaceship.
What was the Tehran 1976 UFO?
I don't know, but there's insufficient evidence to convince me to get excited about it.
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