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March 18, 2020 - Rudy Giuliani
40:03
Rudy Giuliani sits down with Emergency Doctors on the Front Line | Common Sense Ep. 16
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It's our purpose to bring to bear the principle of common sense and rational discussion to the issues of our day.
America was created at a time of great turmoil, tremendous disagreements, anger, hatred.
There was a book written in 1776 that guided much of the discipline of thinking and brought to us the discovery of our freedoms.
Of our God-given freedoms.
It was Thomas Paine's Common Sense, written in 1776, one of the first American bestsellers, in which Thomas Paine explained by rational principles the reason why these small colonies felt the necessity to separate from the gigantic Kingdom of England and the King of England.
He explained their inherent desire for liberty, freedom, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and he explained it in ways that were understandable to the people, to all the people, not just to the educated upper class.
Because the desire for freedom is classical.
The desire for freedom adheres in the human mind and in the human soul.
Today we face another time of turmoil, of anger, and very, very serious partisan division.
This is exactly the time we should consult our history, look at what we've done best in the past, and see if we can't use some of that to help us now.
We understand that they created the greatest country in the history of the world, the greatest democracy, a country that has taken more people out of poverty than any other country on Earth.
They weren't perfect men and women, and neither were we.
But a great deal of the reason for America's constant ability to self-improve is because we're able to reason.
We're able to talk.
We're able to analyze.
We are able to apply God-given common sense.
So let's do it.
We're here today with a very special episode that is going to deal with a crisis that seems to be overtaking the United States and the world very, very quickly.
And we have with us three distinguished doctors who deal with it day in and day out.
And I thought it would be really valuable for us to be able to talk to people who actually have experience with this, as opposed to our political leaders who obviously have to deal with it.
Even our medical leaders who deal with it at 180 degrees, turn to 60 degrees.
People right on the ground.
I remember when I dealt with West Nile virus and with anthrax, getting the opinions of the people who have to deal with it day in and day out was critical to see what was going on.
So we have three very, very distinguished doctors with us, and we want to make sure that we cover as much as possible.
To at least give you a sense of where we are right now.
First is Peter Polisi from Mount Sinai, from the Icahn School of Medicine.
And then from Montefiore Hospital, there's Dr. Mario Garcia and Dr. Adam Keene.
And they'll be on in succession.
So we're first with Peter Polisi, who is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital.
He's a professor and chairman of microbiology.
He's a Horace W. Goldsmith professor of medicine.
He said he didn't know what Goldsmith was for.
He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine and the German and Austrian Academy of Sciences.
But he's been in the United States for 50 years.
So this is an American with a very substantial European background, which helps a lot.
And his work is in the area of, and you tell us, Peter, what your work is.
Yes, in viruses.
And thank you very much, Mayor.
Thank you very much for taking the time out of your very busy time to educate people.
It is a very interesting situation.
We are talking about COVID-19, and it stands for Coronavirus-Induced Disease 2019.
So it's a coronavirus, which is like many other viruses we know of, like influenza viruses, like measles.
So it's around a spherical wall, really, and inside is genetic information, which can replicate quite a lot in terms of, in eight hours, 100,000 new virus particles can form when the virus infects a cell.
It has all those things on the side that got it the name corona.
Spikes.
What do those spikes actually do?
They allow the virus to attach to the cells and get into the cells and replicate.
Does that make it faster?
Yes, there is a receptor on the cell and the virus recognizes that and can get in.
It's like an injection?
It's like an injection.
It's very effective and this virus came originated in China, there's no doubt about it.
It originated somewhere in the fall of 2019, last year, and it has rapidly gone from China, unfortunately,
to other countries in Asia, as well as to Europe and to the United States.
As a coronavirus, what are the viruses that we've experienced, is it related to?
So it is what we call in the trade an RNA virus.
It contains ribonucleic acid as genetic information and therefore is similar to, for example, influenza.
And also the symptoms are somewhat similar to influenza when we get infected by the coronaviruses.
And it's similar also to MIR and SARS, isn't it?
Correct.
It is actually closer related to these viruses, which are referred to as SARS and MERS viruses.
They are all coronaviruses.
And the only difference is we had some outbreaks 12 years ago, 10 years ago of SARS and MERS virus respectively, but they have died out very fast.
This is not the case with COVID-19, with the latest one.
The numbers here are dramatically higher at a very early stage than SARS and MERS, although the fatality is not as great.
Yeah, it depends what numbers you use.
It is really a virus which has spread tremendously fast and also the numbers are quite, I think, impressive in a sense that just yesterday we had in Italy alone 368 people who died.
And that's a real impressive number and I think we should be really worried at this point.
There are now 67, 68 countries, at least, in which a few of these cases have emerged, and some where there have been a substantial number of cases.
Is this the fastest that a virus like this, a coronavirus, is the fastest that it's propagated?
It's a very good question, because we have examples in history, last hundred years for example, the influenza pandemic, and there we didn't have any aeroplanes in 1918, 1919, but still it made it in two or three months all over the world.
It's obviously a little bit faster, but it's not that much faster than what we have experienced.
And it is a really very, very substantial threat we have and that it may, we have no idea how long it will stay with us and those are the real problems which we have to deal with.
So the first case, and you correct me if I'm wrong, but the first case was December 1st, 2019.
That's a number which we... As far as we know.
Yes.
And now we're in March only of 2018.
And it's far outstripped any of the other many, many more cases.
But again, it's maybe twice or three times as fast.
Unfortunately, we had some of these pandemic viruses before and I think we have to live with viruses in the future which become pandemic and replicate that fast and spread that fast.
How do you compare it to the flu?
The actual flu that Americans are very, very familiar with.
I don't think most Americans understand the fatalities connected with the flu and how many there are.
They almost think of it as an extended common cold.
You're absolutely right, and it is underestimated and under, I don't want to say underappreciated, because we really, I mean, this is a terrible disease and people do die, and we have about between 20, 40, sometimes even more, thousand deaths per year, and this is something which we're really trying to help in the future by developing universal influenza virus vaccines.
The same way we are trying to develop now vaccines against the coronavirus.
How do I know the difference between the symptoms for the flu or the symptoms for COVID-19?
Ain't easy, Mayor.
Ain't easy.
The differential diagnosis saying this is flu or this is coronavirus is not easy.
And the only good thing is now that we are seeing a decline in influenza virus infections in the country.
And so if we see something now, it's more likely a coronavirus.
Is that because we're coming to the end of the season?
Correct.
Now, will that happen with COVID-19?
Will we have a season for it?
I remember with West Nile virus, when we first dealt with it, I had tremendous resources and spraying, and they told me, you got to deal with about three, four months.
Then it's going to go into hiatus.
Then it's going to come back next spring.
No, it's an absolutely fantastic point you brought up.
We have this seasonality of influenza virus in the northern hemisphere, obviously, where we have December, January, February, March, then it really comes down.
And it might be, and I really say it might be the case also for the coronavirus.
But again, it's apples and oranges.
We have not experienced this particular coronavirus, so I think it's a hope, but it's not being certain.
Now I'm going to move on to the two other doctors, but what is the thought you would like to leave us with, doctor?
The most important thought that you think we should We hope that we shall survive, meaning that we have an end to this pandemic and that we will be better prepared in the future.
Well, I'm sure because of people like you, we will be.
Because I found in working with the scientific community in New York, it's the best in the country.
Yes.
And you learn from whatever small mistakes we make.
Boy, you learn very, very quickly.
Dr. Polisi, thank you very, very much for your very informative talk and good luck in this very substantial challenge.
I'm sure you're up to it and will do a great job.
And now we'll take a short break and we'll be right back.
For those of you who know me, in addition to law and politics, I'm passionate about the Yankees, baseball, football, all sports to watch, golf to play, history to read, opera, classical music to listen to and watch, and cigars to relax.
And socialize.
And I have definite opinions on the best cigars for the right time and the right place.
And you'll hear about that too.
But the revolution in cigars took place in the 1990s.
Most cigars then were machine-made with foreign ingredients.
Now it's just the opposite.
Most are hetero-mono man-made.
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Marvin had been rating wines quite successfully for Wine Spectator magazine and he brought the rating system to cigars.
The first cigars rated in the 90s were gone in a flash.
Even now the first thing I do when I get my magazine is I go right to the ratings page.
There it is.
93.
91.
Oh yeah, I'll go for that one.
Then there'll be 94.
92.
Problem is you gotta get there fast, because they go fast.
This revolutionized the cigar industry.
They're the magazines for you.
You know what?
Subscribe to Cigar Aficionado right now through the link on our website.
Welcome back.
We're here with Dr. Mario Garcia, who is the Chief of Cardiology, the Division of Cardiology at Montefiore Hospital, a great New York hospital.
And you might say, well, Chief of Cardiology, this infectious disease, why is he here?
Well, for a very important reason, and he's going to be discussing the global effects of something like this.
A hospital is not a single entity.
It's a large entity.
If it gets overwhelmed in one area, we're going to have problems in another.
Plus, as a doctor, he has obviously developed a great deal of knowledge about this.
So, Dr. Garcia, we're very, very pleased to have you.
Can you tell us, when you have a, well now, pandemic like this, Which is almost like an emergency situation day in and day out in the hospital.
What impact does it have on all of the other disciplines in the hospital who are equally as important, or in some situations, maybe more important?
Mr. Major, thank you very much for giving me this opportunity to speak.
Obviously, our attention right now is focused on a pandemic which is emerging and expanding and affecting our daily lives, but I want to remind everyone that for the last Over 100 years, the number one cause of death by far is cardiovascular disease.
For men and women?
For men and women.
A lot of women don't know that.
Correct.
More than breast cancer.
So, when we treat patients with cardiac disease, we look at emergencies, which are still handling And then we have what we call elective procedures.
Within the elective procedures are those that can wait and those that we don't know how much can be waited to be rendered.
And one of the concerns that we have of course is when we have a pandemic like this, That saturates our ability to provide care because all the hospital beds are occupied, because all the physicians and nurses are attending patients with respiratory illness.
We don't have sufficient resources to actually take care of patients who have other illnesses that are important.
Exactly, how does that work?
I come into the hospital, I have chest pains.
You do a cardiogram or whatever else and you determine, well let's say you determine that I have a significant blockage that makes me a candidate for either surgery or a stent.
Isn't that usually an analysis you go through?
Yeah, so if you come to the hospital right now, brought by ambulance, or you go to the emergency room with chest pain and we determine that it's urgent to proceed with an intervention, we will do that regardless of whatever pandemic occurs.
Regardless of the fact that...
Are you on a discipline now where you cannot do elective surgery?
Correct.
I mean, one of the problems is that a lot of people actually have less acute illnesses.
So they come to the office and they're having some chest pain.
We do some testing and we decide there's a blockage and they need to be treated.
That's considered now an elective procedure, right?
It's not an urgent procedure.
If our system is so saturated that we cannot take care of urgent procedures, but only those that are absolute emergencies, there is a risk that many, many patients may have an event that is potentially fatal.
Well sure, I mean, you think of these situations we all hear of, the patient comes into the hospital, he gets treated, for whatever reason, he goes home, and three hours later he dies of a heart attack.
Correct.
Because this is not all completely known to us.
We don't have all of the factors.
You're making judgment decisions when you're making judgments about how much time should it take.
Ideally, it'd always be better to do it right away, wouldn't it?
Correct.
We want to treat problems quickly.
And that doesn't go only for heart disease.
It goes for cancer.
I mean, if you had a cancer and you do an operation to have the cancer removed, that's an elective procedure, but how long can you wait?
If this pandemic potentially will last for too long, maybe the opportunity of getting cured may go away.
And that's one of the concerns that we have.
So, we want to slow down this epidemic.
So, the measures that are being taken right now, like social isolation, is to actually reduce the expansion, the rate of infection.
So, we have enough resources in our hospital system To be able to take care of everyone one at a time.
If we let this infection go very quickly like it has happened in Italy, we may not have the resources to take care of others.
So, right now your hospital is operating within its capacity of resources?
We still have capacity, but obviously we are concerned.
We look at other countries.
We look at Italy, for example.
Italy was overwhelmed.
Part of the reason why it was overwhelmed is because testing was not implemented quickly.
So, the disease spread in the community before nobody knew it.
And only when people were getting very sick, getting to the hospital, is when they recognized that the problem was serious.
So, the serious cases Absolutely.
Plus, the other serious cases that are happening all over the city.
I mean, I don't know if anyone really appreciates how big New York City is.
Obviously, I do.
I think I've been, I know I've been in every emergency room in every single hospital in the city when I was the mayor for my police officers, firefighters, sanitation workers, correction workers, and teachers.
But it's a very, very big city and it's very hard to overwhelm.
September 11 overwhelmed it.
Overwhelmed the hospitals in the area.
They had to be triaged.
for several days overwhelmed the hospitals.
So no matter what, we can be overwhelmed.
We could be overwhelmed.
We are doing many things from our end to try to mitigate the problem.
We are transitioning to provide more telemedicine.
So patients that are potentially at risk by coming to the hospital, the doctor's office,
could be attended via the telephone with a visual interface and have a consultation
with a physician directly from home.
I've heard there's a lot more of that going on now.
Correct, and this is the right time to do that.
There's a name for it that escapes me.
Inter-something medicine.
Inter-television medicine?
I don't know.
Telemedicine, in general, correct.
Telemedicine.
Telemedicine, that's it.
So, you're examining me.
I'm on a screen.
And, obviously, you can tell a lot by looking at me as to how sick I am or not, right?
Correct, I can make a determination.
You can see my eyes, you can see my complexion, you can see my general atmosphere, how I'm feeling.
Yes, and it definitely may be safer, it will be safer for you to do that than to be rushed to an emergency room that may be occupied by patients who are at a high risk of passing along an infection to you.
So you get to see it, you get to see it on a television screen.
Correct.
Correct.
And therefore, and also hopefully you have all the vital information about that person.
Correct.
And definitely we will find out some that will need to be attended relatively quickly.
And we'll have to make an exception and do the appropriate treatment immediately for those
by being able to provide that consultation online.
But it's important for the society to understand that these measures of isolation,
of avoiding large crowds, going to congested spaces, are important.
Are important to reduce that rate of transmission.
So let's get briefly to.
What's the best advice that you can give to people to avoid this?
And then I'm going to ask you when you think it goes too far.
So you keep both in mind.
So, right now, I think we know that there are certain populations that are at very high risk.
Elderly patients, patients who have other conditions like advanced cardiac disease, advanced kidney disease.
The best thing that we can do with them is not to get close to them, to be honest with you.
Not to get too close to them.
So, if they're at a nursing home, give them a phone call.
You cannot transmit the virus by phone.
Don't go visit them is what you're saying.
Don't go and visit them, no.
Because you can carry the virus and you can be healthy, potentially.
But if they get sick, it could be fatal for them.
Is it a function of age or a function of condition?
Let's say you're 75 but you don't know that you have any serious disease.
You're in good health.
And let's suppose you're 45 but you've just had a kidney replacement.
Yeah.
Both would be at high risk.
The kidney replacement patient because he takes medication that lowers their immunity.
It isn't always age.
No.
But is it always age?
age. But is it always age? Is a 75 year old in excellent health at more risk than a 45
year old in bad health?
Probably the 75 will be in better health, will be at a lower risk.
But yet... At a lower risk?
In other words, you have a better chance?
You got a better chance to survive.
But you know, I wouldn't like to expose either of them.
The idea is, right?
Simplified, some doctor simplified it this way.
The virus attacks you.
Your immune system is like an army and it stands up to fight.
But if that army has been depleted of most of its cavalry or most of its infantry, they're gonna lose.
On the other hand, if it has a full complement of cavalry, infantry, defenses, it's gonna win.
Correct, correct.
And part of the things that we want to do also, dealing with other illnesses like heart disease or cancer, is to treat those conditions too.
Because if you need a stent, you know, to treat your heart disease, and we don't do that to you, and you get infected with a virus, you're going to be... Oh, of course.
I never thought of the connection between the two.
Correct, correct.
It's a very complicated time for you, doctor.
It was really quite wonderful that you took some time out, but I do think in a situation like this, public knowledge is really critical, so that we bring down the hysteria.
I mean, I'm sure you agree with me, we have to deal with this seriously, but to make people too fearful, to make them too upset, is going to just make things much worse.
Absolutely.
Most of us will definitely do okay.
We will survive this epidemic.
Children do actually very well.
Younger adults, very unlikely to get sick.
So the majority of society will survive.
probably a large percentage, maybe 50% of the population, eventually will get infected over the next year
or the next two years.
We don't know that yet, but that's what happened with other similar viral illness.
But to make that very gradual and to protect the individuals in society that are at risk
is what we need to do right now.
And the way to cough is like this.
Correct?
Correct.
And then you say goodbye with the other elbow.
And now I'm going to say goodbye and thank you very, very much, Dr. Garcia, which is now the second time that we've met, right?
Correct.
We've met under other circumstances.
My pleasure, Major.
God bless you.
Thank you.
We are now with Dr. Adam Kean, who is with Montefiore Hospital and is right in the eye of the storm.
Dr. Kean deals with these cases day in and day out.
He's an infectious disease doctor, which is exactly the doctor that has to deal with these viruses, and he's been doing it all throughout his career.
And he'll be able to give us first-hand information about what's going on.
So, Doctor, how did you first become aware of this?
This is a totally different, new virus.
You're used to the fact, as an infectious disease doctor, that viruses change.
But every time they do, that must be a bit of a surprise, right?
Yes, I think I would say that, you know, we have pandemics if you look through the years.
We seem to have, you know, a few a decade.
I've been through four or five myself.
So, you know, the last one that we faced that we had a lot of concern about was Ebola and I helped with our response to that and preparations for that.
And so after that, we thought more about the fact that more would be coming and what to do the next time.
This particular outbreak is more like what we've been expecting, which is what's called pandemic influenza.
More than MIR and SARS and things like that?
It's very similar, you know, genetically to MERS and SARS and clinically acts very much like it.
So it's more infectious, meaning that it infects people more easily than MERS and SARS did, but it's also somewhat less lethal, except for in certain segments of the population.
The numbers, though, are strikingly different between MERS, SAR, on the one hand, even though they're coronaviruses, and COVID-19.
I mean, there you had a thousand cases or so.
The deaths were minuscule compared to the deaths.
You're already at eight, ten times the number of deaths.
They were in a few countries.
This is already in 67 countries.
Right.
So what's the big difference between them?
Did you stop that one faster or is this more prolific virus?
Does this have the capacity to be a more prolific virus?
It's both.
I think we stopped both MERS and SARS more rapidly.
Both because they were somewhat less infectious and because of our response to them.
So, you know, the initial phases of any epidemic or attempts at containment, both MERS and SARS, were contained.
Coronavirus, COVID-19 virus specifically, were past a containment phase.
When did that happen?
I can't give you an exact date, but I would say that we've been transitioning in sort of our approach to this over the past month or so, realizing that we're more in a mitigation phase.
A phase where we're trying to, what we say, flatten the curve of the outbreak.
In other words, the Department of Health, and as Dr. Anthony Fauci said, you know, we can expect that a large percent of the population will be infected with this virus at some point in the next few years.
And where did, so it started in Japan, I'm sorry, in China, and by the time it got out of China, was it already a full-blown A full-blown virus on its way to becoming a pandemic.
Seemed like an awful lot of cases there right away.
And still, half the deaths and half the cases, even though it's declining in China, are in China.
Right.
Yes, so China had an extremely large outbreak.
Much larger than I think we've ever seen any place before.
Yes, and it was late to be recognized and late to be controlled, but when they controlled it, they used very draconian measures.
What are they doing?
Very extreme forms of social isolation.
Not allowing movement.
Shutting down businesses to only the essentials.
Forbidding any forms of public gathering.
Things like that.
Things that go beyond what I imagine would be tolerable in the United States, to be honest.
Now, the spread of the United States doesn't seem to be... Well, maybe I'm wrong. You tell me.
The spread in the United States, is it fast? Would you consider it fast? The number of
deaths is around 60, 70 deaths. Number of cases about 6,000 or so. I'm not sure of the exact number. In a
country of 200,000.
Right now it doesn't sound like it.
370 million people doesn't sound like a...
Right.
Right now it doesn't sound like it.
Is the fear, the prediction of how fast it moved in China, Italy, and South Korea?
You know, I think the concern is that we may be like Italy was two or three weeks ago,
where there's a lot...
It's clear that there's community spread now.
And there's a lot more disease out there than we know.
And the reason that we don't know how much disease is out there is because we have not been able to test adequately.
So, it takes time from when you get infected to when you show any symptoms and from when you get any symptoms to when you get ill enough to be hospitalized.
We're just starting, in New York at least, to see those patients who are ill enough to be hospitalized.
How many patients have you seen?
So, currently at my hospital system, we have 23 cases, 8 of which are in the intensive care unit.
That is from, you know, 3 days ago we had 2.
As you know, there was a large outbreak in New Rochelle and we serviced that area.
Oh, you do?
Yes.
Oh, you service New Rochelle?
Yes.
And the other hospitals share it with you?
Well, there's an affiliate, there's a branch of Montefiore that's in New Rochelle actually.
Yes, yes, yes.
But we take, we're a referral hospital to the hospital that I work at.
So how bad is New Rochelle?
I know it's been pretty extreme measures.
It's like an isolated area.
You can't go in, you can't go out.
So it's been a large outbreak.
I think they've been taking very appropriate, extensive measures in terms of testing and isolating and limiting public gatherings.
In terms of the actual number of patients that will be very sick out of that specific outbreak, I think we're just starting to see the beginnings of it.
As I say, the number of patients in our hospital in the last two days has gone up four-fold.
So, by next week, we'll know a lot better.
How far can we go in dealing with this?
We now have We've now cancelled the schools.
We've cancelled all forms of entertainment.
We've cancelled restaurants.
I'm sure I missed some things we cancelled.
It seemed to me the city was empty today.
Churches are even cancelling religious services, which I've never heard happen.
Is it really that necessary?
I think it's the right thing to do, because what we're trying to do right now,
which Dr. Garcia referred to as well, is what we call flattening the curve,
where we slow the spread of this disease.
We realize it's gonna spread, that it's going to be part of our population,
and that a large percentage of patients are going to be infected with it.
But what we wanna make sure is that that spread is as slow as possible,
so that our healthcare systems aren't hit by critically ill patients all at once,
and so that our healthcare systems aren't overwhelmed.
So that we're able to provide care, we have adequate resources to provide care, really life-saving treatments for patients who can be saved.
So, what do you need?
I'm sure you need things that you don't have.
I remember in anthrax, we needed more tests.
They were getting backed up by two and three weeks, which left people in a horrible state of not knowing whether they should be treated for anthrax or not.
and therefore we went ahead and treated them.
So what, what, what, uh, if you could pick your wishlist of one, two, or three
things that right away would make a big difference.
Yeah, it'd have to be at least three for me.
So, uh, tests, uh, you know, not only numbers, but, uh, distribution and availability of tests.
You know, if we can't get a test done and can't get it, uh, a result quickly, uh,
if a patient is, is, has symptoms of- of this disease, we have to treat them as though they have
it.
And that takes a lot of resources.
That takes very precious resources in hospitals, like negative pressure isolation rooms,
a lot of personal protective equipment, a lot of precautions
that we have to take.
And we don't have endless resources.
So that would be number two, would be these resources.
Physical resources.
So, what we call respirator masks, which are a special kind of mask for healthcare personnel to use.
Why do they need that?
It prevents them from becoming infected when they're caring for a patient, particularly when a patient's undergoing procedures that critically ill patients undergo.
I am an infectious disease doctor, but my primary practice is in critical care.
And in critical care, we do a lot of procedures to keep patients alive, like putting them on breathing machines.
that generate aerosol and generate and that makes sets up an infectious
situation where the environment becomes highly infectious.
So these are the things that you think you that that you would need
immediately right to move to move things along.
More respirators?
Yes.
So that we can safely care for patients.
Right.
So that particularly our nurses don't get sick quickly.
The nurses, we always talk about doctors, but the nurses are actually at the bedside the most, providing the most care.
You know, and so they're the most at risk, so we can't lose.
We can deal with sickness, we can deal with People going on furlough, but it can't happen all at once.
Otherwise, we just won't be able to provide the care.
Well, I hope you don't go on furlough, doctor.
We're gonna need you for another couple weeks.
How much longer?
It's hard to say.
This is a new virus.
Coronaviruses tend to be seasonal, but the seasonal variation has varied by virus.
So we can all hope that this will go away when it gets warmer, when the summer comes, but we just don't know that yet.
And the summer meaning June-July?
Hopefully, as the weather warms.
But again, we don't know that.
Let's hope.
Doctor, thank you very, very much for coming here and also mostly for your contribution to helping the people of the city.
I know Montefiore Hospital very, very well.
I know what a fine hospital is.
And I know your staff is working way beyond the call of duty.
So would you please give them all personally my admiration?
I will, and I think they'll be very grateful for that, Mr. Mayor.
Thank you.
So that will conclude our episode tonight on this, or today, whichever you would like to watch it.
I hope it gave you information that will be helpful to you, and of course we'll be following up on this.
This is by no means an end.
Let's hope.
It starts to see some control over it, or even more control.
But for now, this is Rudy Giuliani with Common Sense, and we'll be back very shortly.
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