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Aug. 8, 2020 - Radio Renaissance - Jared Taylor
43:39
Douglas Whitman: "The Evolutionary and Biological Reality of Race" (2014)
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Some of us in this movement think we know a thing or two about race or evolution, but our next speaker is the real thing.
Douglas Whitman earned his Ph.D.
in entomology at Berkeley, and then he spent 22 years teaching at Illinois State University entomology, evolution, and also ecology.
He's the author of more than 90 scholarly papers, including such titles as What is Phenotypic Plasticity and Why is it Important?
Now, at the university, Professor Whitman was involved in many minority enrichment programs.
And in this process, he came in contact with people of many different races and began to realize that this subject that he was so familiar with, evolution, applied to human beings as well.
He also noticed that immigrants, recent immigrants, or children of recent immigrants who had plenty of money were getting scholarships to attend the university, whereas deserving white people were not getting this kind of money.
He found that profoundly unfair.
Well, Professor Whitman retired from university in 2012, and so now, fortunately, he is free to speak his mind.
And I'm very excited that he's willing to speak to us about the evolution and the biology of race.
Please welcome Professor Whitman.
Jared, thank you very much.
And Jared mentioned that I attended Berkeley, and I'm going to go ahead and admit it.
I did.
The story's much darker than that because the entire time I was in Berkeley I lived in a leftist student co-op.
So my whole career I've been in the belly of the beast.
But that's another talk.
Today we're going to talk about evolution.
And it's a wonderful time for an evolutionary biologist because of the new molecular techniques.
There's new information that's coming out almost daily.
And it's all on our side.
We were right.
They are wrong.
Get over it.
The problem is some of this stuff is a little bit technical and it's difficult to understand.
So today we're going to go back to college and I'm going to go over some of the basics of evolution.
First I'm going to discuss how subspecies are determined and then a little bit about evolution.
Some paleontology.
We'll talk about haplotypes and what they tell us about human evolution and racial evolution.
And there's no test because at the university, we don't really believe in tests anymore because it makes people feel bad.
But the bottom line is that living today are somewhere between 5 to 30 human subspecies.
Okay, so we'll start out by doing some terminology.
Species are a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring.
And populations, pay attention to populations.
A population is...
All the individuals of one species living in one place and interbreeding.
For example, we can talk about the population of crickets here at Montgomery Bell State Park.
Subspecies. There's a little bit of debate about what subspecies is.
And subspecies is the only valid taxonomic unit below the species unit.
Below the species category.
And so a layperson may talk about race or breed or variety or sport or type, but scientists use the term subspecies and it's the only official term for these things.
And if you want to know what a subspecies is, what you should do is consult the book by the father of modern...
Systematics, the great Harvard professor Ernst Meyer.
And what does he say about species, subspecies?
He says subspecies are usually geographic isolates.
That means they live in one certain area.
He has a 75% rule.
But let's look at the 90% rule.
The 90% rule says that if you want to know if two populations represent Different subspecies, if there's enough differences between them to call them subspecies, what you do is you take 100 of this population and 100 of that population,
you mix them together, and if you can resort them back into their correct populations at about 90% accuracy, then there's subspecies.
And is there anybody on Earth who could not sort these into their appropriate populations?
Or these.
Okay, very clearly, the humans, different human races have evolved to become different human subspecies.
And anybody who denies that is either a slimy leftist Marxist or a complete idiot.
And this book, which you can come and look at, is in every university library in the world.
Thank you.
Thank you.
Okay, one thing I have to say is throughout this talk, this is all very complicated, there's a lot of debate, and so I'm going to have to generalize, and you have to realize that there's exceptions to almost everything I'm going to say today.
But what I'm saying is what I believe and what the evidence shows.
Okay, let's talk about how evolution works.
Most species tend to differentiate into numerous subspecies over time.
And the reason for that is as species migrate into other populations, every new geographic area has different conditions.
Some are hot, some are cold, some have a lot of predators, some few predators, some are wet, some are dry.
And so instantly populations are under different selective pressures and populations then adapt locally
And so, let's say this here is North America, cold, hot, wet, dry, and here's a population, and that population is living there for thousands of years,
and then there's...
A beneficial mutation in one individual.
Because that mutation is beneficial, there's a gene sweep, and pretty soon the entire population has that adaptive trait, which allows them to increase in population numbers and in size of the population.
And then the migrants from that population, when they move out...
Because they are now so competitive, a new version, say, you know, like Windows 7, can now compete.
And so they establish many subpopulations, but they're all in different geographic areas.
And so they very quickly begin to differentiate as they adapt locally.
And this process goes on until eventually you get this mosaic of different populations.
With different relatedness.
And so, let's see.
So, for example, these two populations are still fairly closely related because they're right next to each other.
But this population and this population are really now quite different, but they're the same species.
And if this goes on long enough, some of these populations actually evolve.
Such differences that they become different species.
And so this is what almost all species do.
They diversify in this way, and it's a never-ending, churning, cyclical process.
It's always going on.
There's always new adaptations somewhere, such as lactose tolerance or higher intelligence, which then allows the gene sweep and those more adapted...
Genotype to invade other areas.
And then it just happens again and again and again with local adaptation.
Okay, a few things about evolution.
Evolution happens to populations.
Divergent evolution begins immediately upon separation of populations.
Also, evolution can be blindingly fast.
An example.
Let's say we have a population of crickets.
Half of them have genes to be warm-adapted.
Half of them have genes to be cold-adapted.
That night, we get a heart freeze.
All the warm-adapted crickets die.
So by the next morning, there's been a change in the gene frequency of that population.
And that's the definition of evolution, a change in the frequency of the genes.
And this change, this evolution happened in between 3 a.m. and 4 a.m. when that freeze hit.
So that's an instantaneous evolution.
And we now have thousands of examples of this.
Exceedingly rapid evolution.
And so all species right now are undergoing evolution.
Humans are undergoing some of the most rapid evolution that our species has seen.
In the 200,000 years of its existence.
And it's happening right now.
Another thing about evolution is a very extremely tiny change in DNA can have a gigantic change to the body, to the phenotype.
The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs.
But a single change, that is 1 out of 3 billion, a single nucleotide or base change in that, Can kill you, make you a dwarf, an albino, an imbecile, blind, deaf, paralyzed,
have premature ejaculation, or cause any number of hundreds if not thousands of diseases.
And we actually have, across organisms, we have tens of thousands of examples of this.
Now, people will say that all Humans are genetically related, and they are to a certain extent.
And on average, if you take any two humans on Earth, they will be approximately 99.5% similar in their DNA.
99.5.
What this means is that 0.5% of their DNA on average is different.
0.5% Of the 3 billion nucleotides is 15 million genetic differences.
The average genetic difference among any two humans on Earth is 15 million genetic differences, or nucleotide differences.
Now, we just talked about how a single nucleotide difference can have a huge effect.
Imagine 100.
Imagine 15 million.
The bottom line is...
Humans are incredibly divergent in their genetics, and these genes sort by population.
Just to see, here's some real-life examples of subspeciation in organisms, and I said this is extremely common.
These are kangaroo rats of one species, and some science nerd spent his whole life figuring this out, and every one of these...
In western USA is a different subspecies.
So they have some sort of minor trait that differentiates, say, that population from that population or that population.
Now, no one would ever take some animals from this population and move them up into that population.
In fact, if you attempted to do that, you'd be put in jail.
The reason why is...
Every one of these populations has evolved to fit its particular habitat over thousands of years, tens of thousands of years, and have a unique set of DNA adaptations.
In fact, these different subspecies of kangaroo rats, and you wouldn't be able to tell any of these apart, nobody would be allowed to build a dam.
Right there or right there because you might harm that unique population with its unique derived genes.
And here's giraffes.
There's about 11 subspecies of giraffes.
So the bottom line here is that evolution of subspecies is the norm.
That's what evolution does.
That's what it produces.
And it produces a great Mosaic of different populations that are differently related, all the way from being absolutely extremely similar to being so dissimilar that they can't interbreed, and then they're different species.
There's also something interesting known as cryptic species.
These are two populations that look extremely similar, yet Are actually different species.
And here's an example.
The titmouse.
People for 150 years thought that these two were the same species.
And again, nobody in this room could tell these apart if they were both in the same room.
But apparently they can, and these guys won't breed with those.
And that's an example of a cryptic species.
There's many cryptic species.
Here's one.
These are...
Different species of bumblebees.
I've studied entomology for 40 years, and I can't tell them apart.
But, you know, there's some little tiny thing about them, you know, some spine or, you know, something that makes them so they don't interbreed.
So the point is a little tiny bit of genetic difference can make a huge difference in the biology of the organisms.
Okay, let's go on to paleontology.
And our members of our genus, that is Homo, because we're Homo sapiens, first appeared about 1.8 million years ago.
And very quickly, they spread throughout the entire Old World, from Africa...
To China, to Indonesia, all the way to England.
And during this time, during over the 2 million years, from the fossils that we've found, we've identified what we think are maybe 10 different species.
They include Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo georgicus, Homo...
Heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo floreensis, and so forth and so on.
Now, these are not they.
I just put this up because it shows, there's a picture of my brother-in-law and the guy who's trying to date my daughter right now.
These are the different artist's rendition of some of the different Species of Homo, our closest relatives.
And one thing I want to say here, this is what we know, but in fact, we only know about 5% of the diversity of this genus that existed.
The reason why is these guys lived at low density, there's very little chance to leave fossils, and there's very little chance to find fossils.
The New World is a gigantic place.
And just like all other species on Earth, these different homo populations evolved local adaptation.
And so every river valley had a different type.
And these also were evolving over the two million years, so they were changing, and they were mating with each other.
You know that guys will mate with anything.
They'll mate with...
Well, we'll have to wait until we have some beers.
But the point is that these guys were mating with anything they could find.
And so the evolution of the archaic hominids such as Australopithecus and then our genus is reticulated.
It's not fork-like.
So what happens is...
Each of these populations, maybe some of them will mate with some of the other population, and then another 10,000 years later, they mate with a different population.
And so, all primate evolution, or most primate evolution, has been web-like, reticulated, and that's the same for our species, Homo sapiens.
We know for a fact...
That Homo sapiens, modern humans, mated with two groups, Denisovans and Neanderthals.
And the best Denisovan fossil comes from up here in Siberia.
And today, modern molecular biology allows us to...
Go back to these fossils and extract their DNA and compare the DNA of these cavemen with modern human populations.
And so about 6% of the guys in Papua New Guinea here and the Aborigines, 6% of their DNA contains Denisovan genes.
And so probably this...
Ancient type of human was all over the place here, but they got isolated in Australia and PNG, and in this area, they were simply exterminated by a more modern, updated type.
Again, Windows Vista or whatever, came through and eliminated them.
But because Australia and PNG were isolated, and just like the marsupials, this ancient type was able to survive.
Same with Neanderthals, and this is a Neanderthal and a modern human.
We certainly interbred with those, and as you know, about roughly 4% of people outside of Africa have Neanderthal DNA in them.
Africans have no Neanderthal DNA.
From our Neanderthal relatives, Europeans probably acquired fair hair and fair eyes, cold adaptations, disease adaptations, rewiring of the brain,
and lipid metabolism.
And by the way, Neanderthals, their brain was substantially larger than modern humans.
Okay, the end result of all this is that Humans are just like all other animals.
We diverge genetically into different subspecies.
Now, we've long recognized racial differences.
If you go back to the writings of ancient Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, they all noticed and talked about racial differences.
And these differences...
Oh, and I'm sorry.
By the way, this is where Neanderthals, their range.
And the racial differences that we've noticed are in morphology, physiology, life history, disease resistance, behavior and temperament, IQ and creativity, culture and civilization.
And there are literally tens of thousands of these Traits that correlate with race or population, and the American Renaissance website usually has a couple of them every week.
But now it's a great new day because we have molecular biology, and now we can look at the genetic differences of these different human subspecies.
We do it by looking at haplotypes.
Is a string of DNA, one side, and say this blue side, that has a particular, a unique sequence of these bases.
And these are, of course, the four bases that go in here.
These haplotypes rarely change, and they're passed down from parent to offspring, parent to offspring, parent to offspring, unchanged.
And so we can...
You can have a DNA test, and they will look at your haplotypes and tell you studies of haplotypes will allow people to know where different human populations,
when they first arose, where they arose, where they traveled, and who they mated with on their particular travels.
And we get this DNA from...
Three places.
We get it from the Y-DNA chromosome, the male chromosome.
And every male in here has a Y chromosome.
And you can remember it's the Y chromosome because it has that little dangly part as opposed to the X chromosome, the female chromosome.
So we also get it from mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down on the female side.
So everybody in here got their mitochondrial.
The mitochondria from their mothers who got it from their mother and their mother and so forth.
And then we also have the autosomal DNA, which is the non-sex chromosomes in the nucleus.
And so we can analyze any of these three sources of DNA to look for haplotypes and build phylogenies or phylogenetic trees.
And here's one based on the Y chromosome.
And these letters don't mean anything.
They're just too long to explain.
But there's no real close relationship.
Like G is no closer to D than any other.
This is what you have to look at, this tree right here.
So looking at only the male haplotypes on the Y chromosome, which is passed down.
From father to son to father to son to father to son.
The earliest split is between this group in Africa and everybody else here, and then there's another split here also in Africa and everybody else.
And then eventually we get down here to these guys that comprise most of the Europeans.
And that first split, the A group, include the Bushmen.
And by the way, if you want to know what most of humans look like through most of evolutionary history, they're still alive.
And so we can go and study these people, and you can get back into your primeval, find your primeval roots.
Koi koi, or the Hottentots, and the Hottentots have this interesting, the females have enlarged buttocks and pendulant labia, which hang down between the legs up to four inches.
And this is probably a form of sexual selection in this population, the same way as blue eyes and blonde hair has probably been sexually selected.
Okay, so we've been talking about...
The A group here, the next large haplotype group are bees, and these include pygmies and the Hadza, a very ancient people unlike anybody else in Africa.
And by the way, there's only a thousand of these people left.
They're going extinct.
This is a huge part of a branch of human history.
It'd be terrible to lose these.
It'd be like losing hippos or rhinoceros.
And nobody cares.
These guys are going to go extinct in our lifetime.
Okay, and then finally, the next group includes the Bantu.
These are more closely related to the people who are out of Africa.
And these guys recently...
Moved into Africa and literally ethnically cleansed all these other people.
And so most of Africa now is composed of these guys.
Okay, here's a map of the movement of Y chromosomes and their origin of the haplotypes over time.
And so we see remnants of the A's remaining in Africa.
And then we see the E's that have moved in the Bantus, which have pretty much displaced everybody.
And then these supposed movements out of the different populations at different times.
And you can go to Wikipedia and enlarge this and take a look and find your particular tribe and see where they came from and when.
Of particular importance are the R groups.
R1a and R1b, which evolved somewhere in this general area and then, interestingly, migrated at different times.
And one of these is the Indo-Europeans migrated into Europe.
And so today, most Europeans men have this particular haplotype.
These haplotypes keep evolving.
Now, it's rare that they change, but occasionally they do.
And for example, there's a new haplotype that appeared in England about 2,000 years ago, and it is haplotype I2B1A.
But anyhow, examining these haplotypes allows you to attract The different human populations.
Now, let's move on to the female-generated mitochondrial DNA.
And this is passed down by females.
The letters here differ from the scheme for the males, but basically we get the same thing.
We get a series of groups coming off in Africa, and then the non-Africans, everybody else, and then they divide into Pretty much Asians and non-Asians.
And here's the map from Wikipedia of the movement of female haplotypes out of Africa and where they went.
And again, you can spend years examining just one of these populations and the evidence for all this.
Of interest, again, are the haplotypes that gave rise to Europeans.
These derived from the N and the R haplotypes in the female around 60,000 years ago, and then the exact Caucasian haplotypes arose only about 18,000
years ago, and then those people...
Migrated into Europe.
There's many, many different migrations into Europe, and people are moving in every direction.
But you can still trace all those.
Okay, there's a lot of concordance among the different ways of examining human DNA.
So here's the male Y-DNA.
Here's female mitochondrial DNA.
And you can see that they sort out with the most ancient groups.
In Africa, and then the outside of Africa groups as well.
This stuff that I showed you is stuff that's in the textbooks and in Wikipedia, but it's already out of date.
And besides that, it's very controversial.
There's a lot of recent stuff that's coming out.
and I said every day there's new stuff that's coming out
it's
Very exciting stuff.
And for example, some of the new stuff, new analyses suggest that in fact, one, modern humans did not evolve in Africa,
but they evolved outside of Africa.
And then they moved into Africa.
So it's not out of Africa.
It's actually into Africa.
Secondly, non-Africans did not descend from Africans, but they're sister groups.
And here's one phylogeny.
And according to this most recent phylogeny, we go way back, 200,000 years, there's a whole series of haplotypes that evolved.
And survive in Africa.
And then there's an ancestor to most of the living Africans here.
And these guys had two shoots.
One shoot gave rise to most of the living Africans, and the other shoot outside of Africa.
Went along and were separated for an enormously long time.
But eventually, these gave rise to nearly all the out-of-Africa people, the Asians and Caucasians, except for this group here, these B groups,
which split off at about 60,000 years ago and moved back into Africa.
And these are the Bantus.
The point is, those ancient Africans and non-Africans split 160,000 years ago.
And they've been separated ever since.
That's an extremely long time.
Later, about 60,000 years, the other out-of-African haplotypes appeared.
And here are the European haplotypes that really came into being around.
20,000 years ago.
Okay, another great advancement is, it turns out that the Aborigines are, it looks like they're an extremely ancient human group, and the Melanesians in Papua New Guinea, that were isolated from the main group of evolving humans in Australia,
the same as the marsupials.
Okay, and then finally, they're finding European genes in the New World Indians along the eastern area of North America, which suggests that there was,
during glacial times, there was movement of Europeans across Iceland and Greenland into North America.
Okay, and there's other techniques.
Principal component analysis to analyze populations.
And using this technique, it's very powerful, and it allows you to separate out different populations based on their DNA.
And this axis corresponds with the axis here in Europe.
And it's powerful enough to separate out, for example, Finns from Norwegians, from Swedes, from Danes.
It can separate out Askenazi Jews from Sephardic Jews.
So anybody who says race doesn't exist is like a complete idiot.
Okay, now, the point is, where do you divide the line for the different human subspecies?
Here's the thing.
So here's a phylogeny based on, I think, Y chromosome with giving the populations of where these haplotypes are most prevalent.
Now, imagine taking a vertical ruler and moving it in this direction.
If you put it right here, you would have three human subspecies.
But if you put it right here...
You would have maybe 12 human subspecies.
So it's up to you.
You can use any criterion you want.
As long as you can sort them about 90% accuracy and using things like principal component analysis and haplotypes, we can.
We can separate out these different groups.
There's some debate on where you might want to draw the subspecies line.
I mean, we don't want to be cluttered with too many subspecies, but at the other side, we're not all alike.
Okay, and by the way, we talked about some of the most modern advances.
This is Anatoly Cleosoft.
A genius.
He's a Russian living in the U.S. And when I say genius, I mean he's really a genius.
And his work is brilliant.
He and a other small group of people are completely overturning the traditional, what we think we know about human evolution.
I put some of his reprints in the back.
They're very technical.
If you're interested in this, send me an email.
Just go to Illinois State University and look for me in the Department of Biology, and I will send you a reading list of where to get a lot of this information.
But this guy, if his work is true, and it looks like it's true, this guy will be getting the Nobel Prize.
I mean, he's really good.
Okay, the bottom line is that, for the most part, each human subspecies was superbly shaped by evolution to be adapted to that particular environment.
You can't say which race is the best, because each race was supreme in its own...
The Mongolians and Eskimos are superior for cold.
The Tibetans are superior for high altitude.
The Somali are superior for deserts.
Pygmies are superior for tropical rainforests.
Africans are superior against African diseases and Europeans are superior against European diseases.
This is exactly what we would expect from evolution.
Now, fortunately for us, Europeans are superior at problem solving and inventions.
No other subspecies comes even close to what we've accomplished.
Virtually everything in this room was invented by Europeans.
And Europeans also invented how to build safe, healthy, and free societies with high standards of living, opportunities, and culture.
This is Western civilization.
Most other human subspecies attempt to emulate us, and many of them dream of immigrating into our nation to reap the benefits that we have created.
You know, my friend says, what does it matter if the races are different?
It matters because truth matters.
Thank you.
Thank you.
And it's better to base Your decisions.
It's better to base a society's decisions on truth instead of fantasy.
You know, white nations have spent trillions, trillions of dollars.
We've been over backwards attempting to impose equality.
We've been attempting to turn people of color into white people for 400 years.
But the different races are different.
They're not equal.
And that's due to different evolutionary histories.
It's just basic biology.
And it's time that we face that fact and built a society built on truth.
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
I enjoyed your talk.
I was just...
Curious if you could speak a little bit about the meaning and importance of ethnicity in terms of what you're talking about.
Should we always be thinking about race as an example of subspecialization?
Or how powerful is ethnicity?
Are you an Italian?
Of course, ethnicity has become a mix-up and confused with race.
And culture mutates, it evolves, and it's passed down.
And so both of them are important.
But here's the thing.
Race is not a social construct.
Society is a racial construct.
And society and culture derive from race, from biology.
It's all about biology.
And by the way, it's so ludicrous that when you go and check off any form, you check off...
African-American or black, and then you check off Hispanic.
But Hispanic is a culture.
And so you can be European from Spain and be Hispanic.
What they're talking about in Hispanic are New World Indians from Mexico.
Just say it.
You know, say Amerindians.
Why try to hide it into ethnicity?
So that's a short answer.
Let's talk more about that at lunch.
Thank you for the speech.
I enjoyed it.
Now I'm sure the leftists outside later on are going to make their oft-repeated claim.
Levantin's fallacy that there can be no such thing as so-called races because 90% of the variation that occurs occurs within the so-called races and only the remaining 10% is between the so-called subspecies.
So they're going to say that, you know, well, you're more likely to be related to an average Bantu as a European than you are another fellow European.
Can you discuss why that's false?
Yeah, that's idiotic and that statement can be refuted in a hundred ways.
But the one that I like is Males and females share 45 of their 46 chromosomes.
So they're identical.
And so the diversity that exists in these chromosomes is exactly the same in males and females.
The diversity among females is just as big, as huge, as among males.
And so, therefore, these guys would say, and it's much less than the difference between males and females, because that's only one out of the 46 chromosomes.
And so, therefore, males and females are not different at all.
They're exactly the same.
I mean, that's just one example.
Let's get together and I can give you ten more examples of why that fallacy is a fallacy.
And he knew better than that.
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