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July 17, 2025 - Jordan B. Peterson Podcast

01:30:18

“Something Non-Human Has Been Here A Long Time” | Dr. Garry Nolan | EP 563

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	I'm a professor in the Department of Pathology at Stanford.
	It's pretty obvious that you have a multitude of abilities and a stellar track record.
	You started to become interested in unidentified aerial phenomena.
	Somebody representing the CIA and an aerospace company showing up at my office at Stanford showed me their credentials and said, we need your help looking at patients who had harm done to them.
	And then a small subset of them said that they'd been in proximity to things that you would call a UFO.
	I thought it was a joke at the beginning.
	Let us know, if you would, what the hell you think is going on.
	That there's something non-human here, and it's been here for a long time.
	Well, I imagine it's put a bit of a bump into your life.
	I mean, maybe one that's mostly interesting, but still, to call it strange is to barely scrape the surface.
	something is here, it's likely been here longer than humans have even been civilized.
	Music Dr. Gary Nolan is an immunologist, academic inventor, and biotech entrepreneur, serial biotech entrepreneur.
	He's a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine and, somewhat surprisingly, a ufologist.
	We talked about his career, his research interests, the rise of AI, and his interest in unidentified aerial phenomena.
	So, Dr. Nolan Gary, before we get to the heart of the matter with regards to your interest in unidentified aerial phenomena, more commonly known as UFOs, let's talk a little bit about you so that we can situate you in the minds of our readers.
	So you have a remarkable research background and a technology background.
	Clue us in a bit and tell us who you are.
	So I'm a professor in the Department of Pathology.
	I hold the Ratchford and Carlotta A. Harris Endowed Professorship.
	And the major focus of my lab's research, frankly, over the last 30 years since I've been at Stanford has been on the immune system and creating technologies that allow us to collect more and more data about the immune cells and or cancer cells that we're interested in.
	And so that's led me from the development of retroviral techniques for gene delivery and gene therapy.
	So all the retroviruses and lentiviruses that are used in the world today for gene therapy were developed based on a technique that I came up with called the 293 T cell technique.
	And that's, frankly, that's old technology to me, but it still generates a nice royalty stream.
	So and then from there, it's about measuring more and more what we call parameters per cell, which are events that relate, we think, to the biology of the cells.
	And so we've created and spun out, I don't know, probably at least half a dozen companies on that side of things alone.
	Lately, we've been moving into artificial intelligence.
	We've started and spun out two companies there.
	And now I'm actually moving into atomic imaging because I sort of feel like that's the next level down of information that I need to get at to understand gene function.
	So I've raised the money to create a whole new kind of instrument that can measure things at the atomic level.
	Tell me about that a little bit.
	I mean, that's a lecture on microscope territory.
	You have a new technology that you're that I know that's an old technology now.
	It's a fusion of two technologies, something called atomic probe tomography and field ion microscopy.
	And it's a way to bring the two together because previously they couldn't sort of exist in the same machine.
	So by bringing them together, we can go another order of magnitude lower.
	We can get down to what's called sub-angstrum.
	Like the bond length between two atoms is in the sub-angstrum realm.
	But this technology that we've developed not only can see down at that level, but can also determine what kind of bond structure we have locally.
	And that has a range of applications all the way from biology through to metals, alloys, nanotechnology, et cetera.
	And actually, the instrument is already half-built down at a lab here in Cupertino that we've set up.
	So we're excited about that.
	So how many companies have you started or been involved in starting rocks?
	About a dozen.
	And we've had about eight successful exits so far.
	That's pretty good track record, all things considered.
	All things considered.
	One complete failure, but that's okay.
	One failure out of that many isn't so bad.
	Yeah, well, if you don't fail, maybe you're not trying enough diverse things.
	I mean, that seems to be particularly true on the entrepreneurial side, right?
	It's very difficult to invent something and then equally difficult to make it profitable or maybe perhaps more.
	Right.
	So on the medical side, tell me a little bit more about your research into viruses.
	So our research into viruses was, well, first of all, the retroviruses, I got involved with HIV research back in the day.
	And that was mostly trying to understand what turned the virus on and off in the immune system.
	So I was involved with what was called the cloning and characterization of what are called transcription factors that turned the virus on and off.
	And I actually cloned it in David Baltimore's lab at MIT when I was a postdoc there.
	David won the Nobel Prize, actually, for reverse transcriptase, very famous man, obviously.
	So, but when I came to Stanford and using the technologies that we developed, we did everything from Ebola research to Zika to whatever the current manifestation of whatever the plague was that people were worried about.
	And we even actually saw the first COVID lungs from unfortunately deceased patients.
	And that's what really, that actually scared the bejesus out of me when I realized that we're dealing with something extremely serious with COVID, at least in some people.
	But most of my research these days is in cancer research and looking at how the immune system interfaces with the tumor and trying to learn about the signals that the usually tumor manifests to turn off the immune system or to disrupt the function of the immune system.
	And so that required the development of new instruments to see things at a level previously people were incapable of, but then also to develop the algorithms to understand the complexity because you've got thousands of cells in a complex dance with the cancer and trying to figure out what that means took a lot of algorithmic effort.
	So we're a computational lab as well as a wet lab, as we call it.
	Do you have an engineering background?
	No, but I've always been a tinkerer.
	And so, you know, what's, I mean, I think what makes a good scientist is knowing what you don't know and knowing who to bring in to help you create what it is that you want and being able to explain it to them in a way that gets them interested.
	And that talent, frankly, translates very well in the entrepreneurial side of things.
	When you're talking to venture capitalists, you can convince them that the biology is interesting, that it's doable, that here's the kind of people I need.
	And I always use this term inevitable, that it's inevitable.
	This is something that's coming.
	So it really is up to the early bird that gets the worm.
	If you can see that it's something that will happen and has to happen and you have a solution for it, it might not be currently the best solution, but it's a solution.
	Get to it first and own the market.
	And your degrees, in what areas were your degrees awarded?
	All genetics.
	But one way to think about genetics is genetics is actually programming.
	I'm actually pretty good as a programmer as well, but genetics itself is software.
	And so if you think about genetics as software, it was very easy, again, for me to be both a programmer and a geneticist at the same time.
	So I've always been good at math.
	I've been good at the, I'm more, I would say, good at the intuition of how biology works.
	And intuition plays a larger part, frankly, in science than people would like to admit.
	Yeah, you know, one of the things that's always struck me as peculiar about scientific research papers is that the introductions are always a lie.
	It's so interesting because I thought about this for a long time.
	It really struck me when I was first in graduate school because when you write a scientific research paper, you present the situation as if all the background reading that you did produced an incremental transformation in your thinking such that you generated a hypothesis.
	And that's almost never the case.
	Usually what happens is that people have an intuition that's derived from some pattern recognition, and then they backfill it and make it look like it's algorithmic.
	And then the other thing that's so bloody peculiar about that is that there's almost no discussion in graduate school training, maybe this was different where you went, on hypothesis generation itself.
	It's as if scientists swallow the idea that you're creating your hypotheses in this algorithmic manner as a consequence of grinding through the research.
	I know I had a student at Harvard, Shelley Carson, who worked on creativity, and she would make very large leaps with regard to her hypothesis, and then it would take her a few months to backfill so that she could bring people along to explain the justification.
	But that certainly wasn't the method by which it was derived.
	You strike me as a peculiarly creative person for a scientist, by the way.
	I mean, that might seem a perverse characterization, but we also studied predictors of scientific prowess and openness, which is the trait marker for creativity, was actually slightly negatively correlated with scientific productivity, at least at the graduate school and then early career level.
	But you've got a very wide range of abilities, and then you've got this both an entrepreneurial and a managerial twist.
	Is that a fair characterization?
	Because that's also a rare combination.
	I think what, I mean, it's hard to talk about yourself as if you don't sound like a, not to sound like a narcissist.
	But I think if you can marry creativity with practicality, that's the magic mix, at least for me, is I'm very good at rapidly iterating all the possible reasons why something can be the case and then rank ordering them very quickly, coming up with at least two cutoffs.
	One is, yeah, this is possible, but it's very unlikely that magic dwarves run the universe, right?
	Everything below that level.
	But then above that level, there's one more cutoff.
	One is possible, but impractical or perhaps not easy to prove.
	And then above that is the provable.
	And so if you can rapidly rank order and come up with where something sits, then you can immediately turn and tell the student, yeah, you should do this.
	Or you probably shouldn't do that because here's the reasons why there are so many other things that it could be that you can't prove or disprove.
	So let's not go down that road because it's a rabbit hole.
	So I think marrying creativity with practicality and being able to see and frankly, what I call reverse engineer the future.
	You know, It's like you can see what it is, and then you know, I need to do this first, and then I need to do that.
	And once I've done each of these steps, those are milestones that give you confidence to take the next step.
	And then, because if I think like that, then that actually helps with talking to venture capitalists because they can then follow the path that you've just laid out for them.
	And when did you start your first company?
	Soon after getting to Stanford, actually, it was around 1994.
	But I had already learned a lot from my mentors, Len and Lee Herzenberg.
	So I was lucky having come to Stanford to end up in their lab because Len and Lee, who were frankly hippies, they had two of the three biggest patents at Stanford.
	One was for something called the flow cytometer, which brought in hundreds of millions of dollars.
	And perhaps even more important were the monoclonal antibodies, what are called humanized antibodies.
	So by making monoclonals that could be injected into humans without raising an allergic reaction or a strong immune response, almost all of the injected antibodies today are based on those original technologies.
	And Len was just a natural entrepreneur.
	He never started any companies, but he knew how to license them.
	So he would always bring me into his office when he was negotiating with the pharma companies and he would give me the contracts to read because I was one of his favorite students.
	So he's like, okay, I'm not going to waste my time by giving this guy something because he'll actually understand it and pick it up.
	And he introduced me to the best patent attorneys of the day.
	And so I learned from them what it was all about.
	So it was, you know, much of what I would love to say is mine is just a rewrite of what I learned from Len and Lee.
	Right.
	So you were very favored in your mentoring.
	Yes, I got lucky.
	But I was also rotated in Stan Cohen's lab, and Stan, of course, had the Cohen-Boyer patents.
	So Boyer, her Boyer, started Genentech.
	Stan Cohen had the other of the three biggest, and they were all in the Department of Genetics.
	And those were the patents for genetic engineering.
	So it was sort of an environment that led you to think about practical applications.
	Now, when I started my company as an assistant professor, I got a heck of a lot of pushback from senior scientists saying, Gary, it's too early.
	You shouldn't dirty your hands with this yet or now, frankly.
	They didn't even want me getting involved at all.
	And it was funny because a lot of them, you know, 10 or so years later, were back in my office asking for my advice on how they could start a company.
	Right, right.
	Well, it's a rarer pathway to be scientifically productive and to make your talents manifested in multiple directions and to be an entrepreneur.
	I mean, that's the research that I referred to, looking at predictors of scientific productivity, showed that the best predictor, apart from IQ, obviously, which is always the best predictor of virtually anything complex by a lot, was conscientiousness, right?
	Just sheer diligence.
	And that there's a certain kind of narrow focus that goes along with conscientiousness too.
	And so it is reasonable advice if you're talking to someone whose primary talents are diligence and industriousness for them to focus intently on one area so that they can establish themselves.
	But that obviously wasn't the appropriate pathway for you.
	And so, but that and it's also complicated and difficult to start a company as well as a research lab and to teach and all of that.
	So as generic advice, it probably wasn't too bad, but it didn't seem to hold in your case.
	How many patents do you have?
	I think somewhere between 50 and 60 at this point.
	And research articles?
	Over 350.
	Right.
	Okay.
	Well, so for everybody watching and listening, I mean, obviously that's a tremendous number of patents because actually one patent is a lot of patents.
	And so 60 is a tremendous number.
	And on the research side, you can do a rule of thumb calculation, and not everybody agrees with this, but three research papers properly packaged make a pretty nice PhD thesis.
	So 300 is roughly equivalent to 100 PhDs.
	And that's a lot of PhDs.
	And I think that's a reasonable way of looking at it, not least because most PhDs end up with either zero or one publications.
	So the three publication rule of thumb isn't a bad one.
	What do you think of that characterization?
	Yeah, I think it's good.
	I think the better way to do it is how often are you cited?
	So you can publish and never be cited.
	So at this point, I think I'm at about 89,000 something citations.
	So that puts you in the top whatever percent.
	And a lot of those, frankly, were the retroviruses, because people use the retroviruses.
	And then a lot of it are the technologies that I've developed because for the immune system measuring technologies, whether it's something called Cytof that I co-developed with this guy at the University of Toronto, his name was Scott Tanner.
	He invented the machine, but I showed how it could be used for immunology or the Codex or the MIBI or PhosphoFlow or now the split pool synthesis technology for single-cell analysis were all things that sort of just like came to me.
	It's amazing that some people think that science is this methodical step-by-step, whereas more often than not, it's you Pose the question in a way that sort of sets your subconscious to work, but then you lay out in front of you all of the necessary raw material and you say, somewhere in this morass is the answer.
	And then at a lecture out of nowhere, it suddenly just appears, you know, in your head, fully formed.
	It's almost as if your subconscious was busy working and it finally said, oh, I'm done.
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	Yeah, well, your thoughts and revelations, let's say, as well as your perceptions are extremely influenced by your goal.
	And so if you set the right question, you establish the quest, and your thoughts are orienting mechanisms.
	They're going to be working on the pathway to that goal.
	And they do deliver the goods, just like when you're walking down the street and you orient towards a goal, you can see the way to walk.
	I mean, it's analogous to that.
	And we're not shocked that our perceptions are delivered to us.
	No, it's not like we effortfully construct them.
	They make themselves manifest in our consciousness.
	And if thought is an abstracted equivalent of perception, which is at least one of the things it is, it's not that surprising that once you set your mind to the task that you're, what would you say, that the spirit of revelation visits you in the appropriate manner.
	That's especially true if it's a genuine question, you know, if you're really interested in it.
	So could you describe your typical day?
	Like how many hours a day do you work and how do you set up your day?
	I probably work 14, 15 hours a day.
	I get up, I feed the dogs because they're very demanding.
	I sit down, I start on email, and then I look at my task list.
	And usually these days, it's a lot of editing.
	And luckily, large language models have come along and help with that.
	In fact, it's actually almost fun to write grants now.
	That's a, you know, a successful thing.
	Wow, that's something to say.
	That's for sure.
	Because I figured out how to use large language models to write grants.
	And so now, and what's interesting is that you really only need to give it like five or six sentences of the basic idea, the way I've constructed this large language model version.
	And the rest of it gets automatically produced, which is actually kind of sad because what it means is the majority of it is wrote.
	The majority of what we write, similar to what you were saying about papers, the majority of that is wrote, and it's just there for the convenience of the reviewer.
	But the central idea is only a few sentences.
	Right, right.
	Now, do you have your own large language model?
	And how do you stop them from lying to you and producing false, like hallucinations and citing papers that don't exist?
	Yeah, we use pretty sophisticated versions.
	We don't have our own LLM, but we have our own chain of thought layer that sits on top of these for the work that we do with the large language models.
	We use OpenAI or Anthropic or Gemini, you name it.
	And then we have a layer sitting on top.
	Oh, yeah.
	And is that layer trained on your work?
	Yes.
	Or on relevant work?
	Relevancy.
	I see.
	I have one of those as well that I trained on my books and some other material.
	Right.
	Yeah.
	And it's a very weird thing to use.
	I don't know if you have the same experience, but this system we trained thinks like I think, but it can also think up things that I haven't thought up, which is now I guess what's happening as far as I'm concerned is that in the statistical encoding of my linguistic knowledge is all sorts of latent information, right?
	I mean, there's relationships in my patterns of thought that I haven't explored, obviously, and they're probably near infinite in scope.
	I mean, I would say that's the case for everyone, but because there's just so much information that's encoded.
	And so does your system refer to the material that you've trained it on first and then to the large language model that's general after that?
	I mean, it's in the context window.
	It starts with it.
	But I think the value is because it has lowered barriers, which is really what you're talking about.
	The barriers are lower to finding analogous or metaphors of what it is that you've said in other ways of thinking.
	I mean, much of my work, the inventions that we've made, were taking the metaphor approach of finding somebody else's technology that works in something else, completely unrelated To biology and showing how it could be applied to biology, right?
	And so, you know, ideas very often, the best ideas are saying, or the best teachers or people are saying, this is something like this.
	Think of it like this.
	And then giving a metaphor or an anecdote that explains the idea.
	And so the large language models are just metaphors on steroids.
	Depending on how you set the heat, it can find things for you and solutions for you that you probably could have thought of, but it did the legwork.
	So for me, for instance, on the atomic imaging idea, I said, okay, well, here's what I'm doing.
	Help me write the patent on it.
	And it helped me start the patent that I gave to the patent attorneys who wondered what lawyer I'd used to write this because it was already pretty good.
	But I said, find me five other ideas that might also do the same thing.
	And surprisingly, it came up with ideas.
	Now, they were impractical, but it came up with ideas that were like, oh, that's pretty cool.
	I wish I knew about this area of physics.
	So, you know, it's actually there was a study just done out of Stanford just last fall that showed that large language models can be as creative as humans, if not more creative, as scored by humans, just less practical.
	I wonder what the bound is on practicing.
	Like, do you suppose I've talked to some computer engineers, including my brother-in-law, who's quite a genius?
	And one of the things that he is prognosticating, and not only him, is that we have these, obviously, we have large language models that are assessing the statistical relationship between words at multiple levels of resolution and can do this remarkable thinking, for lack of a better word, because it sure looks a lot like thinking to me.
	But, you know, human beings, we seem to be able to do that with images as well, right?
	And also with movement, like embodied movement.
	And my guess is the practicality constraint is probably something like the referencing of the semantic system to the domain of image and movement, right?
	Will this, because just because it's coded hypothetically in the linguistic corpus doesn't mean that it's in keeping with the way the world makes itself manifest.
	And humans have three different memory systems at least, right?
	We've got semantic and episodic and procedural.
	And my suspicions are that when we're looking for practicality, that we assess the joint contributions of all of those different ways of representing information.
	And the large language models can't quite do that yet, but they will soon.
	I mean, it's got to be the case, right?
	Because someone like Elon Musk, for example, he has this immense corpus of real world data.
	And it's got to just be a matter of time before that's integrated with the large language models.
	Right.
	Well, actually, you know, there's a part of your brain that does a lot about what you're talking about.
	It's called the basal ganglia and the caudate potamen, which is actually where intuition happens.
	So there's a game, a Japanese game of chess, which is sort of a limited form of what we think of as chess.
	And so they were doing basically reads of people's brains while they made these moves, and especially when they made what would be considered a genius move.
	And the area of the brain that lights up is the head of the caudate and the pitamen, which is, so the basal ganglia is actually what part of the brain tells you where your body is in 3D space, what your memories are, et cetera.
	It's all subconscious, subservient to your executive function.
	So when you make a decision to do something, that gets sent to the basal ganglia, which determines whether or not you can actually do it and whether you want to do it.
	Like if you're walking across a room, how do I walk?
	All those subconscious decisions are all done in the basal ganglia.
	But as it turns out, as humans have evolved, that has then been sort of taken over to be used as our decision-making system.
	Our intuition system works through the basal ganglia.
	So all those ideas that you just talked about, where it actually finally comes to, is this practical or not, the basal ganglia is part of that process, a central place for that process.
	So is that an embodiment constraint, essentially?
	Sorry, what do you mean by that?
	Well, some things you can act on.
	Oh, I think you can't.
	Yeah.
	But it also appears to be used in the abstract sense now.
	Like, is this the right move to make in a chess game, which is kind of abstract reasoning?
	And we actually did a study.
	Right, right.
	We did a study on it.
	I mean, believe it or not, we came to this area of the brain because of some of my UAP stuff.
	And we did a study with a group at Harvard and found, in fact, that the size of this area of the brain correlated directly with intelligence.
	Oh, really?
	Which part exactly?
	Was that the Caudate?
	That was the Caudate.
	Yeah.
	But we were.
	How high was the correlation?
	Do you remember?
	What was the magnitude of the correlation?
	I can't remember.
	But we have three papers.
	Okay.
	Three papers on it that we published.
	So it's interesting stuff.
	When were they published?
	In the last three or four years.
	Oh, yeah.
	Okay.
	So I haven't come across those.
	I'm very interested in the neurological determinants of intelligence.
	But there was a guy in literally, I think, the year 2000 from Harvard who, through his own sort of best guesses or whatever, who had proposed before anybody actually found it, that I think his name was Hoffman.
	He's now at UCLA.
	He's a professor of neurology there.
	Had proposed that the caudate and the basal ganglia were going to be involved in intuition.
	I didn't read his whole paper on it, but it was already a postulate when he was like a postdoc.
	I wonder what do you think the connection is?
	I mean, when you think of intuition, you tend to think, at least I tend to think of pattern recognition, let's say.
	What do you suppose the connection is between pattern recognition and the caudate and its relationship to motoric movement?
	It's making a decision with sparse data.
	It's the instantaneous decision to leap when there's movement, like the leopard's about to jump out of the tree at you, and it's the movement.
	But, you know, in the military...
	Right, so that's having to...
	Obviously, they're tracking many moving objects simultaneously and abstracting out something like a meaningful pattern, which direction is this going.
	And then they're modulating their reactions in consequence of reading the field.
	And the great athletes, the great team athletes are particularly good at that.
	Wayne Gretzky was particularly good at that in hockey.
	And so, and so, okay, so the pattern recognition would be something like, you can imagine that being also crucial in a hunt, right?
	Because you're going to want to know where the animal is going to go.
	And with your pack, you have to orchestrate your movements and you have to do that together.
	There's something almost musical about that, like lions can do that and pack animals.
	And so, oh yeah, I see.
	And that would be focused on a goal, the hunting arrangement, and that would require extremely fast reflexes.
	So it's the intuition in that regard is a very complex form of reflex in a sense.
	Yes, exactly.
	So it's humans seem to have evolved a way to use a pre-existing system in the basal ganglia that was really just there for motor movement and making subconscious decisions.
	And they've layered over it and put an abstraction layer on top of that so that we can now use it for mathematical principles and other ideas.
	It is what provides that aha moment.
	And I've learned actually to see when the aha moment comes.
	It's almost like a form of color.
	It's like when the next time you get an aha moment, if you can try to capture when it happens and realize that it was a different kind of input than what a methodological moment is, where you basically you've added it up and you've gotten the number by just simple addition as opposed to that aha moment.
	And I've learned to recognize and pay attention to the aha moment, not that it's always true, but that it came from an intuition.
	Because, you know, it very often you can get it and then just dismiss it because it was just an intuition as opposed to something that you figured out.
	So listening to those aha moments, and I'm telling you, I see it as a color.
	When it happens, I recognize it as a different kind of thought.
	It's not like it's being given to me magically or anything like that.
	I know a lot of people would like to think that that's what it is.
	I don't know.
	There's something kind of magical about it.
	It like thought has this revelatory quality, as you pointed out.
	You can set your sights on something, and then the pathway there, the mechanism that delivers you there is delivered to you.
	So there is a magic about it.
	You know, I'm going to, people are going to laugh at me for this because I always do it, but I'm going to do it anyways.
	I've been studying Old Testament literature a lot for a long time.
	And I'm interested, I'm bringing this up because of something you said about the basal ganglia too, developing an abstraction layer.
	You know, part of that abstraction layer is no doubt our ability to tell stories because stories are verbal representations of action patterns.
	And so the burning bush episode in Exodus, that's an intuition episode.
	And Moses takes his intuition seriously enough to deviate from his normative path, and then he delves deeply into the source of the intuition, and that's what transforms him into a leader.
	He gets to the bottom of something, down a rabbit hole to the bottom of something.
	And so it is a narrative representation of not only of intuition, but of the willingness to attend to it and to delve into it deeply.
	Okay, so we should switch topics here.
	I wanted to go over your background with you to establish for everybody listening who you are.
	And it's pretty obvious that you have a multitude of abilities and a stellar track record that's continuing.
	And so that sets the foundation for our next discussion.
	You started to become interested, and I would like to know the story, in unidentified aerial phenomena.
	And that's definitely a lateral move from your other interests.
	And so I'm very curious about all of that.
	I guess what I'd like to start with is why the interest and why take the risk to pursue it as well?
	Because you have a lot to lose, let's say, on the reputational front.
	And it's clear you're a very creative person.
	So I'm sure your interests go everywhere.
	But tell us how it is that you became interested in this and why you decided to pursue it with some degree of seriousness.
	So, I mean, there's a couple of origin stories to it, but I think the most, the easiest to start with is with the Atacama mummy, right?
	The small mummy that people had been promoting as being an alien, right?
	The mummy that was found in Atacama, Chile.
	Right, that was a couple of years ago, not too long ago.
	Oh, actually, it was, no, it was 12 years.
	It was a 12 years ago.
	yeah, actually, already.
	Yeah, it was a long, long time ago.
	I mean, that was.
	And so I had seen it on YouTube.
	I reached out to the people who were, let's say, marketing it, and I said, hey, I can figure this out for you.
	I can tell you what it is.
	And so we arranged to get a small piece of the body, a rib.
	I wanted the rib because I wanted the bone marrow from within the rib because I felt that that would be the place best protected from bacterial contamination.
	And the long and the short of it was that we showed that it was a human baby, probably, well, it was probably preterm birth, but that we found a number of mutations in it, in the genome that could explain what it looked like and why it looked the way it did.
	And so, you know, when a movie came out regarding that circa 2012 or so, it was like sending up a, you know, a flare to two sides of the world.
	One, the people who didn't like that I was debunking the alien.
	So I became an instant symbol of dislike for the UFO community, which is interesting, paradoxically these days.
	But then it also was a flare to scientists, as it turned out as well, the intelligence community, that here's a guy willing to look at things and just call them as he sees it.
	And so that led, as it turned out, to somebody representing the CIA and an aerospace company showing up at my office at Stanford, literally unannounced, showed me their credentials and said, we need your help looking at patients who've had harm done to them.
	And I was like, well, what kind of harm?
	And then they laid out the data, literally like MRIs and x-rays of internal scarring of what.
	Are these people who reported abductions?
	No, no, no.
	Oh, no.
	Oh, sorry.
	Okay.
	I'm off on a wrong tangent.
	These are intelligence agents, diplomatic corps, military personnel, et cetera, all who said that they were hearing buzzing in their ears or, you know, and then a small subset of them said that they'd been in proximity to things that you would call a UFO.
	So I thought it was a joke at the beginning, especially when they mentioned the UFO stuff, because I had no intention at the time of going back and doing more alien research after the Atacama mummy escapade.
	And so they had come to me.
	I mean, why come to me?
	Well, one, I was willing to talk to people about this stuff.
	But two, they wanted to do blood analysis of the individuals who'd been harmed as part of a complete medical workup.
	And so they'd asked around and they said, well, who does the best blood analysis?
	Oh, you need to go talk to this guy, Nolan, at Stanford.
	He has this thing called Cytof that can do the deepest analysis of blood that, you know, currently today and still.
	So basically, over the course of two or three years on working with this group and on these patients, it turned out that these were actually the first of the Havana syndrome patients.
	I'm sure you've heard of Havana syndrome.
	Yeah, review that for everyone.
	So Havana syndrome was something that basically came out around 2015, 2016.
	And it was called Havana because it was the diplomatic core individuals in our government who were getting headaches.
	They were having to be sent home.
	And it turned out that it's probably a kind of microwave technology being used by some of our adversaries.
	It's 100% real.
	Some people in the CIA tried to debunk it, but now there's a whole set of paperwork out put out by the Department of Health and Human Services on anomalous, what's now called anomalous health incidents, where Havana syndrome and all of the sets of associated symptoms are all listed.
	And there's a path now for people who think that they have it to go follow it up, you know, appropriately with the Veterans Administration or what have you.
	But in the three years.
	So let me get this straight.
	So you had someone from the CIA show up to your office and he had a list of people who had medical problems.
	And some of those medical problems were a consequence of people coming into contact with what?
	Technology that is mysterious?
	Is that the right way to think about it?
	Yeah, well, I mean, they didn't know what the source of it is, but now we know that there was basically, I mean, it's an energy weapon, just a microwave weapon.
	Just imagine you could focus the beam of your microwave in a very narrow path towards a person's head.
	You'll bake the brain cells in their head.
	So, I mean, there's nothing magical about it.
	We have them.
	Everybody knows that these things exist.
	At the time when we were working on it, we were calling it interference syndrome.
	You call something a syndrome when you don't know the exact cause, but it can have a variety of manifestations.
	And so what we had done was we had matched the symptoms to what are called the international diagnostic codes so that we had the ability to say it's this and it's this and it's this.
	And if you have 10 of 15 of these, you have interference syndrome.
	So at the same time, somebody was figuring out what Havana syndrome was.
	And it turned out that our set of symptomologies matched perfectly with the Havana syndrome ones for most of our patients.
	We were able to hand all of that over to the U.S. government.
	And I've worked with Senate staff and others, you know, on that.
	And that's something I can't talk much about.
	But what remained, and this is what's good about how science has done: once you've characterized something and you find it uninteresting, not that it's uninteresting that these patients are being harmed, but I could hand it off to somebody else who would then take care of it as a national security concern.
	What was left on the table were the oddities.
	And those were now the people who had gotten close to UAP, they claimed, at least some of them.
	And they had, as it turned out, slightly different symptomologies.
	Some of those were more likely to have erythmas or, you know, scarring on the skin as opposed to internally or manifestations on the back of their neck of some kind of irradiative damage of some kind.
	Now, they're the...
	Yes, there was a pattern was always anecdotal, unfortunately, in that they had a story that you at Facebook.
	But I mean the symptom pattern was stable.
	And how many people, how many individuals approximately, like what kind of sample pool were you assessing?
	Now you're down to about five or six people because of the original hundred that we started with, 90 or so, it turned out, were what we could think of as Havana syndrome.
	The remaining were what were interesting.
	And, you know, but sort of back to, let's say, my career.
	My career has always been, I've always been good at seeing the data point off the curve and realizing that it's not noise, or at least asking the question, how did that data point get there?
	And not just going with what's sitting on the line, but understanding why the data point off the curve is important.
	And then being able to quickly, again, back to that, iterate the possibilities, say, ah, well, if we know that it's not a problem with the instrumentation, then it's an indication that we don't understand something.
	And so that was where I was already starting to get introduced because of this UAP stuff, because of that we had these groups of individuals who said that they'd gotten harmed by UAP, and we diligenced them to make sure that they didn't have some sort of psychological problem.
	They had full psychological workups, and we knew that these were people that we're, you know, we're trusting the nation's security with.
	You know, it's kind of like, okay, well, it's an anecdote, it's a story.
	And now I've heard 50 stories like this by that point.
	Right.
	And it's like, well, no, they say the plural of anecdote isn't data, but the plural of anecdote is definitely hypothesis.
	Yes.
	Right.
	And so once you start to get that, it's like, okay, well, there seems to be something here.
	And you raised a point, ruin your career.
	I literally was told by a senior official at the National Cancer Institute around circa 2014, 2015, because I was just talking about this, just saying, isn't this an interesting idea?
	You're going to ruin your career, Gary.
	And I was just like, but the data's on the table.
	It isn't ridiculous to ask the question, but the fact that they were trying to push it off the table incensed me.
	It was just like, that's not how a scientist thinks.
	That is just your...
	Maybe you should give your PhD back.
	Oh, and.
	Well, there aren't that many scientists, you know.
	There are a lot of people who act out the role of scientists, but that's not the same thing.
	Yeah.
	Right.
	Scientists are very peculiar people when they're real.
	So.
	So, and that, you know, and that's been sort of my approach to it is like, how dare you tell me I can't ask the question?
	Because there's more than enough evidence that there's something worth studying.
	And people mix up evidence with proof.
	You know, data sits in isolation and has no meaning whatsoever.
	It only has meaning in the context of a hypothesis.
	And, you know, so does the hypothesis and the data match to mean that it is perhaps evidence?
	Evidence, just as in court, is not proof of anything.
	That requires a jury to decide whether or not the evidence is sufficient to manifest guilt or not.
	Same thing in a paper.
	There's very few papers that you will ever read that ever say there is, at least in biology, this is a conclusion.
	There's all kinds of weasel words that we as biologists use to give ourselves diplomatic egress just in case.
	So, but when people like Neil deGrasse Tyson say there's no evidence, well, that's just a lack of understanding of what the difference between data and evidence is.
	There's reams of evidence.
	There's libraries full of evidence.
	There's books I could throw, I could drown people in with evidence, but that's not a conclusion.
	That's not what we think of as scientists as proof.
	Now, I have, I'm of personally two minds.
	As far as I'm concerned, there's definitely something going on that appears to be not human.
	That's just my point.
	Okay, so okay.
	But that's different than science, right?
	I'm trying to.
	Yeah, right, right, right.
	Go for it.
	Okay, so tell me, well, tell me a typical story, like the typical story pattern that characterized the testimony of these leftover individuals whose symptoms were troublesome, but somewhat anomalous.
	Like, what were they reporting?
	And then you took it seriously because there had been psychological workups done on them, and there were a number of people reporting the same thing.
	So you know that something's up.
	So tell me a story, and then tell me what you started thinking about with regards to a potential cause.
	Well, one was a guy by the Name of John Burroughs and the Randall Shelm Forrest case, where he literally got close to one that came down near our nuclear storage facilities there.
	It's a very famous case.
	And he came to me as part of this group of 10 remainders, and I was introduced to him to do the blood analysis and do the collection of the blood.
	And then later, as it turned out, and here's an interesting thing, later, he developed a heart problem, and he couldn't get the Veterans Administration to open up his file so that he could get, he could prove that it might have actually been originally caused at Rendlesham in England because his medical file was deemed top secret.
	So we literally had to go to, and this is on the record, we literally had to go to Senator McCain, in whose state this guy lived in Arizona, and get him to write a letter to the Veterans Administration forcing them to open his file so that he could get insurance payment for his heart condition.
	It's all on the record.
	So why there's an individual who had a problem that he claims had been caused through some interaction way back when, why do you have to make his file top secret?
	What's in it?
	There was nothing in it, frankly.
	It was just somebody had decided it needed to be top secret because things related to UFOs just need to be, you know, nobody talks about them.
	Brush them under the table.
	But we, you know, we literally, and it's, again, it's public record.
	And so what did he experience?
	He saw something.
	He came close to something, something that was about five feet across on the ground.
	And I don't know.
	I mean, I wasn't there.
	I'm just relaying the story.
	Right, right, right.
	And was that a, what's the typical pattern of encounter?
	You know, I mean, is there a pattern of the phenomenon?
	No, no, there's not enough of a.
	This is the problem is that you can't repeat harm.
	You know, when harm happens, it's sort of incidental.
	And so you just have to deal with.
	And I think it's less about the harm.
	So, I mean, I think we should move away from a discussion of the harm and just talk more about what it is that people are seeing.
	And I'm talking about credible people, right?
	What's the credible data that we can collect?
	Okay, so it's a broader conversation on unidentified aerial phenomena.
	So, sure, Lee, and I want to talk about your Sol Foundation as well, and also the fact that you've analyzed materials with unusual properties.
	So if we can tangle all that together, that would be good.
	Yeah.
	So the reason why we started the Sol Foundation, and it was me, Peter Scafish, and David Grush.
	David Grush was the gentleman who testified in front of Congress about what he claims were the reverse engineering programs.
	And the principal reason for starting the Sol Foundation was to enable, let's say, a picket fence within which people of reasonable intelligence or academics who don't always have reasonable intelligence, but could have a conversation and not be laughed out of the room.
	To be able to say, here's a hypothesis, and here's the data I have.
	Do you think my hypothesis matches or do you have another idea?
	But the spectrum of things about which we wanted to be able to talk about were everything from religion all the way through to material science on my side.
	So we have Peter Scafisch, who's an anthropologist and a, what is the other one?
	Well, let's call him an anthropologist.
	And so he's interested in people's stories, right?
	What are so-called experiencers?
	What's the pattern of the experiencers?
	And what kind of, let's say, trauma might they undergo, not only because of the experience itself, but the trauma of not being able to talk to your friends and or family about what it is that you think that you saw because of the stigmas associated with talking about this and not wanting to be considered crazy.
	And then, so he's collecting and writing papers on that.
	We have a focus on religion.
	We had somebody from the Catholic hierarchy write a paper on that for us.
	Two, on the more extreme science side, the hard science side, the materials analysis that I do.
	And part of it, again, was to say, okay, let's have this conversation.
	We had our first foundation meeting, I mean, big convention at Stanford, where we had about 200 or 300 people there who'd come from all over the world to have a meeting.
	What year was that?
	That was three years ago now.
	We've had one each year.
	Okay.
	Each year.
	And the funny story there was about two weeks before we were to have the meeting, I started getting these pings from administrators around Stanford that there might be a problem.
	And I was like, oh, God, you can't do this to me.
	Everybody's invited.
	The plane tickets are paid for, you know, et cetera.
	What's going on?
	And I managed to trace down who it was at Stanford that was sort of causing the trouble.
	It turns out it was the branding office at Stanford and that they had a problem with that Stanford's name wasn't first, that we had put Soul Foundation first and not Stanford.
	And they wanted it Stanford, you know, and the Nolan Laboratory, not the Seoul Foundation.
	So Stanford was more than willing to, you know, to be upfront about it.
	They were open about it.
	In fact, the Alumni Association had me give at the last homecoming a big talk to probably about 200 people about it because of the interest level.
	So, there's been no problem on that front.
	But then I then got interested in the materials because, again, through the connections that I had made, I came to know a gentleman by the name of Jacques Vallais.
	Jacques Vallais is probably one of the most famous, let's call them, ufologists ever in terms of like his scientific prowess.
	He was involved in the early days of the internet.
	He was an astronomer.
	He's a venture capitalist in the Bay Area.
	And he's heretical in the sense that he didn't believe that whatever this was was necessarily extraterrestrial, but it was some other kind of manifestation of either the human psyche or something more beyond, something almost paranormal in its capabilities.
	So it was interesting to listen to this, but I was more interested in, okay, well, what can I teach another scientist?
	How can I convince another scientist?
	So it turns out Jacques had a number of materials, metals and or objects that had been associated with landings of alleged UAP or UFOs.
	And so I said, okay, well, give me some of them.
	I need only tiny amounts, and we can do pretty traditional analysis on it.
	And so one of the things that I got a hold of, we showed recently to be that was from a beach in Ubatuba, Brazil, that a fisherman had seen this object drop from some other, from this UFO, and it shattered.
	And he picked up some pieces of it, and it made its way through what I would consider to be a reasonable chain of custody.
	And we measured it, and it was 99.999% silicon.
	Okay, that's not hard to make today, but it's not something in the late 1950s or early 1960s, you drop giant pieces of all over a beach in Ubatuba, Mexico.
	So whatever that was, it was clearly an object of industrial purpose, right?
	There's no 99.999% silicon anywhere on planet Earth.
	It's all contaminated.
	And I actually have atomic, I have an atomic map of one of these pieces that we developed, that we did with atomic probe tomography.
	What was fascinating was that one of the two chains of custody that I obtained also had magnesium ratios that were not what you would expect from Earth.
	They were different than the standard magnesium ratio.
	So magnesium has three isotopes, 24, 25, and 26.
	24 is like, let's just say rounded up to 80%, and the other two are 9 and 11%.
	Whereas one of the two chains of custody, the magnesium ratios were just higgledy-piggledy all over the map.
	They didn't look anything like what you expect to find from a piece of silicon on Earth.
	Anywhere you look on Earth, you're going to find silicon, sorry, the magnesium at the 80, 11, and 9 ratio.
	Whereas this one of these pieces was wrong.
	That doesn't prove that it's a UFO.
	It just proves that it's of some kind of manufacturing purpose.
	So that's one.
	We're actually writing the paper up on that one.
	I published a peer-reviewed paper on another thing, another object from what's called Council Bluffs, Iowa, where again, there were multiple witnesses, in this case even the police, had seen an object and it seemed to drop something.
	And when the people arrived, they thought actually it was a plane crash.
	When they arrived, they found about 30 pounds of molten metal in the middle of a frozen field.
	And I have the original Polaroids.
	And so I just did an analysis of it.
	And the long and the short of the analysis was there was nothing wrong with the isotope ratios, but it was a mixture of metals that nobody would normally put together.
	It was not fully mixed.
	It was only partially mixed.
	So it's kind of like if you were to take chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry ice cream and partially melt them and just kind of turn your spoon a couple of times around.
	Depending on where you looked, you'd find different ratios of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry.
	As opposed to if you were to put it in a blender, everywhere you look, it would look the same.
	So what I found in the metals was that it was incompletely mixed.
	Okay, so who would drop 30 pounds of incompletely mixed iron, titanium, and aluminum in the middle of a field for no good reason from something that looks like a UFO?
	So all the conventional explanations that it was thermite, it's not thermite because there's no aluminum hydroxide.
	I've checked.
	You know, to carry that much molten metal requires, at that temperature, a cauldron that would be like half a ton to the middle of a field.
	You're not going to put it in a plane.
	So what is it?
	Unexplained.
	But the reason for doing it, and actually there's somebody who's, it looks like is going to give me sort of free money to analyze more of these things, is not to prove that they're from UAP, but it's to do the right kind of analysis on the materials so that I can get it out there and publish it with no conclusions,
	just here's the data and here's the story and here's the analysis as complete as we can do at this Time because maybe somebody else will look at it three years from now, or some other enterprising student will go, ah, that's how you would, if you released this, this would be the engine control for, I don't know, anti-gravity or something.
	So it's, it's, you know, you, you, it, it's part of that thing of like you, you come up with an intuitive idea because you've spread all of the data in front of you.
	Well, if you don't have the data, you can't come up with the, with the solution.
	But if I can get the data out to as many people, maybe somebody else will come up with the hypothesis that unifies the story.
	So it's part of like the, I mean, I think of it as the open source data approach or the open science where you get the data out for everybody because somebody paid for it.
	So maybe you shouldn't keep it in your, you know, in your desktop drawer or these days in a folder on your computer.
	Get the data out there so that other people can use it.
	Does that make sense?
	Okay, so so far it makes sense.
	I've got more questions.
	So you started by assessing the medical problems of a small subset of people whose symptoms didn't fit the pattern, but whose self-reported stories had their own characteristic and that their symptoms had their own identifiable characteristics.
	Now, I'm not sure how you got from that to the sole foundation.
	Now, my understanding is that because you had worked on that hypothetical alien corpse and debunked that, and then you got involved with this CIA project, that more of these stories were coming your way?
	Yes.
	Is that and okay?
	And so what other kinds of stories and tell us about the foundation itself and who's involved.
	And then I'm also extremely curious about your conclusions.
	I mean, I'm sitting here thinking, you're obviously studying anomalous phenomena.
	Why would you make the why or have you even derive the inference that apart from the isotopes, why would you derive the conclusion that extraterrestrial origin is the most likely culprit?
	No.
	Okay, fine, fine.
	Fair enough.
	Fair enough.
	You didn't.
	And so, well, that's exactly why I'm posing the question.
	I'm not trying to corner you with that.
	I want to know.
	Like, you're studying anomalous phenomena.
	You know of Charles Fort very well.
	Yeah.
	Yeah.
	Yes.
	Okay.
	Yeah.
	Did you ever watch Magnolia?
	No.
	The movie?
	No.
	Oh, Magnolia is a great movie, by the way, and it's about Charles.
	It has a sub-theme of Charles Fort.
	So if you're interested in Charles Fort, Magnolia is very much worth watching.
	It's a great movie, also, beautifully put together musically.
	And of course, Charles Fort studied anomalous phenomena his whole life, and Magnolia happens to be about that.
	But okay, so you're studying anomalies.
	Lay out the realm of hypotheses because there's military experimentation.
	I mean, there's all sorts of obvious competing hypotheses.
	So tell me what you've done, you know, what you've gone through, more about your foundation and what you've concluded.
	So the principal reason for starting the Seoul Foundation was that I was, because of, let's say, my public persona about this, more and more scientists were coming to me and saying, hey, I want to help.
	How can I do it?
	And then a common friend of Peter Skafish and I, along with David Grush, who I had met through all of these events.
	And David, again, was the guy who sat in front of Congress and testified about the alleged reverse engineering programs, of which he was aware.
	And I met with Dave and spoken with him very deeply and watched every element of his body language that I possibly could to see, look for evidence of misconstruing him in some way.
	And as far as I could tell, he's telling, at least as far as he's concerned, the truth about what he knows.
	And I said, okay, well, we need a more formalized way to approach this.
	And so what do you do as a scientist in a new area?
	You start a society, more or less, or you start a foundation that becomes the lead foundation for other groups to come together.
	And the Seoul Foundation pretty much has established itself as a nonpartisan umbrella group through which the many individuals who are interested in UAP and talking about it in a professional manner can come together.
	And our next actually event is going to be historic.
	It's going to be in Italy.
	And we've got people from the European Parliament.
	We've got a number of former, let's say, U.S. officials who will be there to talk about these matters.
	And again, I don't expect a revelation.
	I expect just from this people to come and know that there's a place where they won't be laughed at, but they can share and maybe give ideas.
	And one of the sets of ideas of what's going on right now is there's a big movement for what's called the UAP Disclosure Act that for your listeners, for the last two years, Senator Rounds and Senator Schumer,
	supported by multiple representatives on both sides of the aisle, have put forward a part of the bill that goes into the Defense Department bill, 60 pages of which talks about the reverse engineering programs and extraterrestrial or not even extraterrestrial, non-human intelligence.
	And that for the next five to 10 years, there will be an oversight group which will collect and gather all of this information for potential Benefit of humanity.
	Now, you just asked me about ruining my career.
	Would Senator Schumer, the head of the Democratic Party, and Senator Rounds, an important figure on the Republican side, come out and make any of these kinds of statements or allow for their offices to be the vehicles through which such a bill would manifest itself if they felt that they were going to be derided on the floor of the Senate?
	Probably not.
	And so there's Marco Rubio has come out openly and talked about this.
	He's now our Secretary of State.
	There's 20 minutes of part of a film that he's in where he's openly talking about the fact that there are these objects moving in ways that we don't know.
	I was speaking with your producer prior to your getting to the set.
	The Seoul Foundation, one of our purposes, we put together press kits of like 15 different snippets from former heads of the CIA, the DIA, NSA, President Obama, et cetera, all saying there's something that we don't understand and is moving in ways in our atmosphere that we can't explain.
	And it appears to be technology.
	Now, they'd like you to think that it's some thing out of Lockheed, perhaps.
	But, you know, these things were being seen before Lockheed existed, right?
	They were seen in World War II.
	They were seen subsequent to World War II, long before we had any capabilities.
	So what is it?
	I don't care if it's human or not.
	I just want to have reproducible findings.
	And yet, somehow, for some reason, the government won't release the information that it has.
	I mean, just recently, there was a Freedom of Information Act release of the so-called Mosul Orb, M-O-S-U-L, Mosul, Iraq.
	And a solid silver ball that Arrow, which is the anomaly resolution office of the Department of Defense, came out and said, yeah, we see lots of these things.
	The former assistant director of Arrow, which is the office programmed and set up by the DOD to collect the kind of information around these anomalies, openly stated just three weeks ago on a podcast that, yeah, we have videos of these black triangles that move in ways that we don't understand.
	Okay, if it's our technology and we can move in ways like that, why are planes still crashing at Reagan Airport?
	Right?
	Why are we letting airplanes use fuel when we have some other kind of technology that can move the way that these things can?
	And it's being kept a secret.
	Is that just for defense?
	So you talked about black triangles and silver orbs.
	Can you go into a little bit more deep?
	I'd like to know the central phenomena.
	Where do you think most of the signal resides with regard to these anomalous sightings?
	What's the pattern?
	The best pattern are what it is that the military sees.
	And those are the ones that where I have a focus and where actually I'm involved with another group that's funded privately called Skywatcher.
	And what we're doing is we've been setting up sensor systems in what we call cleared areas where we know that there's no overflight.
	And we do sometimes work in concert with the FAA and others to make sure where we're setting up for repeatable measurements and sensor systems to see things.
	And we're seeing stuff that doesn't make sense.
	And so we're not coming to conclusions, but we're collecting the data.
	And because I'm a scientist, I'm like their principal advisor to this group.
	And we're setting up and doing the kinds of measurements that I think are necessary because I'm not going to wait for the government.
	You know, I'm not going to wait for daddy government to tell me what's right.
	I'm just going to, I'm a scientist.
	I'm going to go out and do it myself.
	And so that's what we've done.
	And we've raised significant funds.
	I mean, and you can go look up Skywatcher on the internet and what it is that we're doing.
	And part of what we're doing is it's two purposes.
	One, it's basically aerial surveillance, partially just for drones, because we've seen what drones can do in wars.
	And you know about the drone incidents in New Jersey, right?
	And all of the hubbub that that caused.
	Well, we were actually there.
	We were actually measuring things.
	And what was that?
	What was that?
	Some of them were simply drones.
	Some of them, though, were moving in ways that would be hard to explain by drones.
	But all the stuff that we observed close to shore was clearly human activity.
	But so we're setting up Skywatcher as sort of a dual purpose.
	One is to work with the government to, hopefully, or defense contractors or anybody who wants to pay for our services to collect aerial data basically as rapidly as possible, because often you can't deploy the necessary equipment on site quickly enough to collect the data when there's an anomaly that shows up.
	I mean, our principal goal is protection of the United States.
	But if in so doing we happen to collect other information about some, let's say, anomalous objects, we will have the tracking data necessary to say, hey, well, this is, we don't understand this.
	And it's important to know because if it isn't a human adversary who have capabilities that we don't appreciate, even if somewhere in Area 51, they have something that does that,
	it's good for, I think our military, the more public aspect of our military, to know that these objects do exist and report them when you see it, because it might be the Chinese or the Russians or the Iranians.
	You want to know this because if you ignore it, you could be ignoring the data point off the line that is important to know about.
	Always back to that.
	Don't ignore the anomalies because anomalies, just about every single Nobel Prize that was ever awarded in physics and chemistry or biology is because somebody paid attention to the anomaly.
	Right, right, right.
	Yes.
	So tell me about the patterns of anomalous activity that characterize, that define something as an unidentified aerial phenomena.
	And then tell me what you've concluded as a consequence of your investigations and where you, yeah, let's do that.
	So there are, let's say, five characteristics of something that you would think of as an anomaly.
	One is instantaneous acceleration and deceleration.
	There's very few things that we know of that can go from zero to 5,000 miles an hour and then stop on a dime without squishing everybody on the inside, you know, sending them through the windshield.
	So when you see these things go from, in the case of the, I think it was the Nimitz or the Eisenhower, it goes from sea level to space in less than a second, and they have the radar trackings of those things.
	And now imagine the size of the object.
	Let's say it weighs a ton.
	To instantaneously accelerate and decelerate at that level, would take the energy of more than the nuclear output of the United States for a year.
	Okay, so where did you get that energy, first of all?
	So instantaneous acceleration and deceleration.
	So seeing things that do zigzags across the sky means that somebody or something has control, if it's going fast enough, and it's not doing an arc, it means something has control of momentum and inertia.
	They can negate momentum and inertia.
	So that's an observation seen hundreds, if not thousands of times by pilots all over the world.
	So what does that mean about our understanding of physics, first of all?
	So that's one thing.
	The other is no apparent flight surfaces and no apparent exhaust.
	So no energy output.
	So you're moving and doing these things, and yet if you look at them with FLUR, which is a kind of infrared, you don't see any hotspots.
	If you were to look at a jet, all you would see is the plume from the jet.
	So no flight surfaces, meaning, you know, basically Bernoulli's principle is not at play here, right, which is basically how the wings work and lift.
	So Bernoulli's principle is not at play.
	So you're moving without a flight surface and without an apparent mode of inertia.
	You're not putting something out so that you can move forward.
	And then the other one is what you would think of as what's called transmedium travel, meaning something that can go from the water to the air and then back again or to the air and to space.
	We have nothing that can do something like that.
	Recently, there have now been drones made and talked about openly.
	And actually, these are U.S. drones just shown on a, I saw on a military video recently, where they can go, drones can be underwater, travel, and then come out of the water and go do the attack.
	But that's only been developed in the last few years, not something from 50, 60 years ago.
	So those are the kinds of things that people see.
	And again, you ask me what I think of as real.
	Those anecdotes are, to me, stories.
	And why I get interested in the medical or the material side is it's something I can repeat.
	I can't repeat these pilot observations, but I can repeat experiments on materials or experiments on, not experiments on human, but reading the humans who've been harmed.
	Now, the thing about Skywatcher is that we, at least in a limited sense, have a signal that can be released that sometimes it seems to attract these objects.
	And so that's where the repeatability attempt is coming in.
	Explain that a bit more.
	So there's a, because it's a company and I'm not the official spokesperson for it, and this is public information that's out there, is that there's a signal that an individual as part of Skywasher had determined when he was working with the military, not as it wasn't his purpose to develop it, so he didn't take anything out.
	It was sort of a, he noticed something and then he refined the technique.
	And now he knows that he has, let's say, an electromagnetic sequence that he can release that somehow seems to have these things, objects show up.
	And I was there when it happened.
	We go out on these week-long events in like the middle of nowhere and stuff shows up.
	And, you know, some of it's been on, some of it's, you know, you can go find it on Twitter.
	But the stuff that's on Twitter isn't good enough, in my opinion.
	I'm more interested in the data that we're more recently collecting with better cameras and better sensor Systems because the idea is just to do the science.
	So, I think what we'll do on the Daily Wire side, because we have to wrap this up in relatively short order, I want to close here by asking you what you've concluded provisionally as an explanation for this, like what hypothesis you're nursing.
	And then on the Daily Wire side, for everybody watching and listening, I'd like to ask you more about stories about what you've seen, for example, when you've been on these SkyWatch expeditions and what the SkyWatch program is reporting.
	And then also to delve a bit more into the political, you talked about the Schumer and I don't remember the other senators.
	Senator Rounds.
	Rounds, this bipartisan proposal to declassify and make public narratives of sightings from pilots in particular.
	Okay, so we'll delve into that more on the Daily Wire side for everybody watching and listening, so you can join us there for an additional half an hour.
	To close up here, I think it would be useful for you to let us know, if you would, what the hell you think is going on and what this has done to you too.
	I mean, this has got to kind of come out of left field, so to speak, in a severe way.
	And so I imagine it's put a bit of a bump into your life.
	I mean, maybe one that's mostly interesting, but still, you know, to call it strange is to barely scrape the surface.
	So what do you make of this?
	That there's something non-human here, and it's been here for a long time is my provisional conclusion.
	And, you know, the question is not that people should ask is not, is there something here?
	You have to ask the question first, can there something be here?
	And the short answer is, of course there can, because the universe is 14 billion years old.
	You could have gotten from one side of the galaxy to the other, in our galaxy, in Elon Musk's Tesla, if it were traveling at 10,000 miles an hour.
	But what got on in the first place doesn't mean the same thing as what gets off on the other side.
	So yes, the short answer is something can be here.
	What it is, I'm not 100% sure.
	And I feel very uncomfortable with the sightings of biological beings, if only because they just look a little too much like us.
	And I just can't see from a genetics point of view how why the human form is so, or even, you know, two legs and two arms is necessarily biologically the most successful shape.
	So I think there's something here.
	I think the data, the evidence of the hypothesis, there's more than enough evidence to say that it's worth investigating.
	So I would ask my colleagues to just hold their sarcasm for a while because how do you deny thousands of reports like this?
	And I don't want to sound conspiratorial, but I did get a phone call from somebody representing the White House because I was talking about something that they felt was a little too on the edge.
	They said, you need to just shut up, Gary.
	I mean, I'm just telling you.
	I mean, I've briefed Canadian Parliament.
	I went to your parliament in Toronto and I briefed all three parties on it.
	The only ones who didn't want to hear anything were the separatists.
	So interestingly.
	But no, I spent two days there on that.
	And we've briefed the European Parliament as well on it.
	And they're aware of what some of their own military are talking about.
	So I conclude that there's definitely something here.
	But I think the more interesting conclusion is if something is here, it's likely been here longer than humans have even been civilized.
	So it really opens the question.
	And actually, it's something that I think Charles Fort actually said, is, you know, Earth is probably somebody else's property.
	Well, that's a hell of a place to end.
	So I think we will end there.
	For everybody watching and listening, we're going to continue our investigation on the narrative side and the political side behind the paywall at Daily Wire.
	And so if you want to join us there for an additional half an hour, that would be good.
	Thank you very much, Dr. Nolan.
	That was interesting, to say the least.
	It's very difficult to know what to make of it, obviously.
	You have an incredibly credible background and a very wide-ranging mind, and it's very fascinating to see your reaction to this set of circumstances that have come your way.
	And thank you for sharing what you've learned with us.
	And to everybody watching and listening, thank you very much for your time and attention.
	We'll continue on the Daily Wire side.

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